Recovery Model in Mental Health Services free essay sample

What are the implications of a recovery model for mental health services and for service users/survivors? In discussing the implications of a recovery model on service users/survivors and mental health services, it is essential to define recovery. In illustrating the controversial nature of this concept it is pragmatic to discuss service users and workers in mental health because implications of the recovery model affect both, but in different ways. It is important to realize there is a division in the focus of each group; service users generally want independence from services while health care roviders focus on methods and models (Bonney Stickley, 2008). In working together both groups can improve the provision of recovery services. Traditionally, rehabilitation is provided within hospitals and is medically based and determined by professionals (Unit 21, pg 67). Alternatively, recovery defined in service user literature is the powerful idea that people can return to a full life following experiences of mental distress (Unit 21, pg 59; Mental Health Foundation, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Recovery Model in Mental Health Services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anthony (1993, cited in Unit 21, pg 62) notes that recovery enables people to nderstand their problems and allows them to cope with setbacks. This implies hope and being believed in by others so is a social model. Jan Wallcraft notes most mental health literature neglects the idea of recovery (Audio 4). Additionally, John Hopton (Audio 4) believes it is important recovery is defined by the person experiencing distress rather than professionals. The role of professionals within recovery based services is an issue necessitating redefinition of roles (Unit 21, pg 67). Although the recovery model outlined is positive, the concept is not without etractors. Recovery implies getting over illness, but it doesnt necessarily imply illness; rather it entails a process in line with recuperating from physical exercise. Nonetheless, according to the illness viewpoint, mental distress is seemingly restricted to a medical model and an implied medical cure medication. This predominant model accounts for the inadequate help for those wanting to reduce or stop taking medication. Additionally, much mental health policy and practice encourages people to continue taking drugs (Unit 21 , pg 70). Furthermore, some believe the medical model doesnt anticipate recovery. Coleman (cited in Unit 21, pg 61) believes this is because ofa lack of recognition that individuals can return to the life they had prior to illness. Accordingly, the focus is on compliance, risk avoidance and dependency with a resulting negative impact on service users. Lindow (Reading 32) believes the illness framework promotes pessimism and that its paternalism loses sight of service users as self-determining adults. In this context, incorporation of recovery implies a change in approach. For xample, to foster independence, staff could reduce interventions, doing only what is essential (Bonney Stickley, 2008). This would be challenging as workers need to protect an individuals right to independence while recognizing that the public also needs protection sometimes. One implication of the recovery model is that it could lead to the neglection of those believed less likely to recover and feelings of failure in people who dont recover (Unit 21, pg 76). John Hopton (Audio 4) notes this may increase mental distress. These are potential risks; additionally Frese et al. 2001, cited in Unit 21, pg. 67) argue that those with severe mental distress are unlikely to benefit from recovery as they dont have capacity to understand they are ill. Frese et al. say those who can understand recovery may benefit from responsibility. Those not so well want better treatments and some control. Although service users should have input, Frese et al. note enthusiasm for recovery should not consequently deny treatment to those who need it. Their implication is that not all can benefit from recovery. However, Paul Beresford (Audio 4) notes it should be a question of what an ndividual can contribute regardless of the severity of their mental distress, someone who has been in hospital many times over a long period can still contribute something. This more inclusive definition is in keeping with the holistic framework while recognizing the complexity of recovery for those experiencing mental distress. Bonney and Stickley (2008) note the theme of power is often raised by service users. If, as predicted by the DOH in 2003, services are to become increasingly individual focused, the system needs to place power with service users. There is increasing mounts of service user literature that places an emphasis on individuals defining their own Journey of recovery (Unit 21, pg 66) rather than having it imposed on them by workers. Peter Beresford (Audio 4) notes that currently there are inequalities in mental health services with limited service user power but considerable professional power. Bonney and Stickley mention Martyn (2002, cited in Bonney and Stickley 2008) who proposes professionals should be present by service user invitation only. A less radical aim is that of a gradual transfer of responsibility in power from services to ndividuals during recovery. It is important such involvement confers genuine power to individuals, rather than being tokenistic Oacobson 2004, cited in Bonney and stickley 2008). It should be noted service users do not necessarily associate recovery with being symptom free. Rather, it involves coping with distress and living well. Rachel Perkins (Unit 21, pg 65), a clinical psychologist with a manic depression diagnosis, notes the recovery model shifts focus away from services on to the individual recovery Journey. One area embracing this is self-help. An example is the Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP; Unit 21, pg 65) developed by service user Mary Ellen Copeland. It encourages awareness, self-care improvement and strategies for dealing with mental distress to promote wellness. Another way service users can promote recovery is by utilizing support from others who have experienced similar distress e. g. via organizations like the Hearing Voices e or This torms part ot the way in which Grierson (2003, cited in Unit 21, pg 65 sees recovery progressing. Firstly, an individual needs to identify their experience, which can be assisted by peer support. The next stage includes understanding xperiences, also aided by peer support. The final stage of acceptance and living involves reclamation of a service users life. This indicates that recovery doesnt need to have an end point, it is an ongoing process. It can be seen as the development of insight and is a holistic approach (Unit 21, pg 66) where many different areas can affect an individuals mental health. The implication is that individuals need to be central in defining their own recovery. For workers, a focus on peer support implies services need to be user led, based on service users experiences and driven by these. Accordingly, best practice would be that workers enable peer support (Unit 21, pg 69). However, another method is that service users set up services themselves. Anam Cara is a voluntary sector, user-run crisis house in Birmingham (Unit 21, pg 73) which embodies this approach. The aim is to give an alternative to hospital admission with a focus on recovery. People can refer themselves or be referred via local services. Service users report that this has had a large impact on their recovery due to the acceptance provided. This approach implies that professionals are not as central as in traditional services. However, an alternative is to equip workers with skills necessary to extend the availability of recovery based services within mainstream mental health care. Mary OHagan in a resource for training in New Zealand (Unit 21 , pg 73-74) noted that to do this workers need to provide relevant information i. e. on community services, and to provide information while accommodating diverse views on distress, treatment and recovery. This is very much in line with a holistic approach. It has been argued that the social stigma faced by those who have, or have had, ental health problems is often more problematic than mental distress itself (May cited in Unit 21, pg 64; Bonney Stickley, 2008). For example, the World Psychiatric Association found misconceptions about schizophrenia included those with diagnoses dont recover and are dangerous (Unit 21, pg 61). However, Warner (cited in Unit 21, pg 61) illustrated that actually 20-25% recover completely and another 20% can recover productive lives even if not symptom free. Also relevant is a report which says the overrepresentation of individuals with schizophrenia in violent crime s usually attributable to substance abuse rather than mental health problems (Medical News Today, 2009). Warner showed that those in the developing world were twice as likely to recover. This could be due to greater social acceptance and support from society. One implication is that mental health services need to take into account social support where possible. The potential loss of benefits and support from services once an individual is deemed recovered (Unit 21, pg 71) may prevent recovery. Resulting financial worries and lack of resources can impact on every part of an individuals life. Many service users are on benefits, however the system isnt flexible enough to incorporate those with variable capacity for work to move in and out of employment (Unit 21, pg 71). Also, Disability Living Allowance tocuses on long-term physical impairment rather than periods of mental distress. Housing is also an issue as it is central in providing hope for the future. Browne et al. (2008) note most service users want to live in their own accommodation. Others may require access to supported living. Thus different options need to be available. Browne et al. note that in Australia the current iscussion on graded levels of housing support could be a good way of gradually moving towards independence. Implied within the areas of finance, employment and housing is the recognition that recovery is not always a straightforward path. Williams (2004) notes that a major disincentive to recovery is that once out of crisis, services are often withdrawn. This feels like abandonment when help is still needed. Due to this, many may find it easier to retain a service user identity rather than negotiating an inflexible system. To address this requires systematic change, provision of employment and benefit dvisors and continued support where needed. Workers also need to recognize the juncture in recovery after crisis, but before a full return to independence. Although it seems recovery is not widely incorporated into current mental health services, initial steps have been taken. The Department of Health (DOH) published The Journey to Recovery in 2001 (cited in Unit 21, pg 62) and mentioned an increasing focus on recovery. However, standards such as the National Service Framework have not yet been revised to include recovery or ways of measuring success.

Health Hazard of Noise Pollution

Health Hazard of Noise Pollution Introduction Noise can be defined as a sound that is not agreeable with musical quality. Noise can also be described as an unwanted sound. Most of the noise is generated from almost all opencast and underground mining operations and from various fixed mobile and impulse sources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Hazard of Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Noise pollution can be attributed to the increase of mechanization that results into the increase in the use of voluminous and complicated machinery and equipment. Other major sources of noise are produced from transportation. Other good examples of noise include motor vehicles, airplanes, and trains, among others. Noise is rapidly becoming an increasing source of discomfort in mines, factories and other industries that produce excessive noise (Agarwal 2009). Prolonged exposure of workers in noisy environments (90 dBA) is harmful. This is because it can result into noise induced hearing loss and other effects that are not auditory but are related, in one way or another, to the hearing system. For instance speech system can be interfered with when one is exposed to excessive noise. The other effects of noise are that it can affect a person’s sleep and reduce working efficiency. The high intensity of noise is what causes detrimental effects to a person. In addition, the frequency of sound, duration of exposure, intermittence or continuation of sound, the age of a person and their health can affect the acuteness of the effects of noise pollution. It is essential to undertake noise surveys through environmental impact assessment. This will help in identifying the sources of noise. It will also help to quantify the exposure risk of workers (Tripathy Not Dated). Sound is a form of energy that gives an auditory sensational hearing. Sound is transmitted by oscillation of atoms and molecules in matter. The intensity of sound depends upon the amplitude of the waves. Thus, higher than normal amplitudes are the ones responsible for noise pollution.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is tricky to determine the level of noise that can be considered as causing noise pollution. However, sound that adversely affects wildlife and human activity can be considered as noise pollution. Sound that is capable of damaging physical structures can also be considered as noise pollution. However, the damage must also be on a repeated basis (What is what.com 2011). Noise pollution is difficult to control. This is because noise is transient and localized. It usually is temporary and not inherently dangerous. It does not accumulate in our bodies or the environment. Also, the impacts of noise to human beings and animals are subjective. This is because the impact of less damaging sound is harder to determine . It is also difficult to disentangle offending noises from background noises (Wolf Stanley 2011). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) came up with regulations that aim at reducing noise levels so that people are not affected (Wang et al. 2005). The organization has implemented a rating system in which levels of noise in a work place are regulated. Employers are therefore required to protect their employees against noise pollution through these regulations (Demand Media 2011). The organization has come up with a system that regulates the amount of time and the noise levels. Therefore, an employee must not be exposed to a sound equal to or exceeding 85 dB for more than 8 hours (United States Department of Labor 2011). Reference List Agarwal, S. (2009). Noise Pollution. New Delhi, APH Publishing Corporation. Demand media. (2011). OSHA Requirements for Noise. Web. Tripathy, D. (n. d.). Noise Pollution. New Delhi: APH Publishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Hazard of Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United States Department of Labor. (2011). Occupational Safety Health Administration. Web. Wang et al. (2005). Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control. Vol. 2. Totowa, Humana Press Inc. What is what.com (2011). What is Noise Pollution? Web. Wolf, S., Stanley, N., 2011, Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law. New York, Routledge.

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay While reading the epic poem of â€Å"Beowulf† the most important character is Beowulf which has the personality of an epic conqueror by performance of skills and bravery, durable reputation, and royal duty. In Beowulf it shows strange and nearly external ability and bravery at the assassination of Grendel, the Troll Wife, and the Dragon. Due to the brave killing of the useless creature Beowulf also becomes familiar to the idea of being fames. Beowulf as a model he must defend his people as a imperial responsibility. The poem starts with the slaughter of Grendel. In the slaughter of the unusually huge being Beowulf shows significant skills and bravery. Beowulf shows odd skill and bravery which this shows the beginning of an epic hero. Beowulf show bravery and ability by slaughter Grendel hand without a sword or a shield. The cause why Beowulf chooses to kill Grendel with no body armor to him it felt that he must not have any advantages over the monster of Grendel. By defeating Grendel without any armor Beowulf prove to the people that he really is brave and clever. Beowulf shows great skills and bravery when he supposedly defeats the Troll Wife which is the mother of Grendel. After killing all the Thanes in the Mead Hall to make a point to Beowulf say he was able to kill her with the Hrunting. After stabbing the Troll Wife and winning the battle. Once again Grendel demonstrates the personality of an epic hero. Beowulf also shows his bravery and skill while he was slaughtering the Dragon. In the killing of the Dragon, Beowulf was ready to give up his own live in order to slay the Dragon. In additional Beowulf traits shows him as an epic conqueror by taking care of his royal duty. Before the king kills himself he gave Beowulf his kingdom so he became the king when he died. Beowulf realizes his responsibility to rule and defend his kingdom, with his royal duties. Although he aged over time when he slaughter the dragon he must defend his people from it, itâ €™s is responsibility now that he is the king. In the next paragraph from Beowulf, Beowulf clarify why he have to carry out his royal duties. Hygelac offer Beowulf his family sword, as a way to repay him from the battle. The king decided to give Beowulf his land, because his sword as served him well. By means of his hands and tough sword blade, while Beowulf is delicate and aged once the Dragon came. Beowulf understands that he will repay his people by slaughter the Dragon. Beowulf believes that he was giving so much throughout his people and being able to kill the dragon was his royal duties to protect his kingdom. The slaughter of Grendel, the Troll wife, and the Dragon was including in his royal duty. Beowulf as well turns into adapting to the idea of endure reputation by taking royal obligation. Beowulf shows another trait of an epic hero during the idea of lasting reputation. The traits of enduring fame come about when Beowulf slaughters Grendel, The Troll Wife, and the Dra gon. Following the killing of Grendel and The Troll Wife Beowulf is looking upon as a hero by numerous of Thanes. When Beowulf murder Grendel, Beowulf stumble upon Heorot where he reward Beowulf with gold. While having a banquet in tribute of Beowulf, they told him to put on riches with true superior determination this will increase and do well and establish your strength. Beowulf has received the respect as a hero. Fate showed hold on life when it comes to an end. Beowulf also becomes familiar to the thought of endure reputation with the land that is given to Beowulf to rule. Beowulf receives tribute when he dies. At the ending of the heroic poem, Beowulf’s people are sad, and keep on being sad while promising that his kingdom will always remember him as an epic hero Beowulf. The entire trait mentioned early proves Beowulf as an epic hero. Beowulf shows ability and bravery, lasting fame, and caring out his royal duties; all these personality show that Beowulf is an epic hero . By slaughter Grendel, and the Dragon, Beowulf demonstrate ability and bravery to his people by demonstrate his force and survival. As a result of slaughter the Dragon even while Beowulf knows that the ending will possibly show the way to the death he shows the traits of his royal duty. The king offer Beowulf his kingdom to rule it as a result of his great reputation. All these are personality of an epic hero, which Beowulf was a great epic hero.

Case study 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

3 - Case Study Example However, the private firm failed to deliver what the state expected in a number of ways. For example, the handling of client’s applications was inefficient both in answering the client’s calls and maintaining of clients documents. The contracted firms hired incompetent workers who failed to perform according to state’s expectations. ACS focused on making money hence their service was poor and uncoordinated. American civil Liberties Union (ACLU) challenged the performance of FSSA for misplacing the documents of the patients hence leading to denial of essential services to the applicants. Critics blamed the inefficiency of the private firms as caused by waiver of caseworkers that was present in the state (Alb?k, Eliason & Herman 17). Before privatization, each household had a caseworker who confirmed the qualification of individuals before making an application and also ensured that the applications were submitted in the right procedure. Question 1 Privatization wa s implemented as a cost saving strategy. For example, Governor Mitch Daniels stated that by privatizing the welfare and food programs would enable the state to save up to one billion dollars in a decade (Ricky 619). The state signed a 1.3 billion dollar contract with the private firm. However, one and a half years later the both IBM and Affiliated Computer Services (subcontracted) by to deal with calls of the clients failed to achieve the mission. To improve performance of welfare and food programs delivery. The intention of the state was to delegate functions of welfare and food delivery to private firms because this would reduce the processes of handling applications and attending to the needs of the people (Chu et al.19) This would ensure smooth operations because private firms have appropriate facilities and specialized staff to handle the needs of the people effectively. Question 2 The new system was intended to improve communication between the clients and the service provider s. ACS was hired to manage telephone calls from the clients (Bursi & David 164). This was meant to increase speed of gathering, processing, and storing clients’ data with greater efficiency. Therefore, the new system was meant to

Reading Response Questions for One.Life ( Preface chapters - Chapter Essay

Reading Response Questions for One.Life ( Preface chapters - Chapter 5) - Essay Example Indeed, McKnight explains that many people have misinterpreted Jesus’ teachings about the kingdom. To many Christians, it only entails going to church and reading the Bible. However, Jesus emphasized that God’s kingdom entails going beyond this and identifying a dream which has been chosen for them by God. Ubuntu is a term associated with African Traditional Religion. It means humanness. In other words, it is a spirit of kindness and togetherness. Actually, Africans were great egalitarians who believed in the kinship system, sharing and egalitarianism. I think it was supported by Jesus because He preached about generosity, love and brotherhood. 5. If you do not already know the Lords Prayer by heart, I recommend you memorize and pray it daily throughout this class on Christian Faith and Life. Write it out here in whatever version of the Bible youve been using in your study. (You can find this prayer that Jesus taught his disciples in Matthew 6: 9-13 or Luke 11:

Investigating the effect of different liquid densities on the time taken to release 25 ml of alcohols Essay Example for Free

Investigating the effect of different liquid densities on the time taken to release 25 ml of alcohols Essay * Research question: * Does the change in liquid densities at the same temperature affect the time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a 50 ml burette? * Variables: * Independent variable: The liquid density / g ml-1. * Dependent variable: The time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a burette / s. * Controlled variables: * The volume of alcohol in a burette / ml. * The temperature of the alcohols / oC. * The absence of unnecessary substances or ions. * The same burette for the entire experiment. * Prediction: * The time taken to release 25 ml of the alcohol from a 50 ml burette is, stated by F. Weinberg (1984) [1], dependent on flow velocity and in particular are very sensitive to small changes in the density difference between the two liquids. * My prediction is, the higher the liquid density is, the more time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette. The time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol increases in order: Methanol, Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Butan-1-ol and Octan-1-ol. * Method: * Apparatus: * 50 ml burette (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.500 ml). * Retort stand. * 125 ml ethanol C2H5OH 95.0%. * 125 ml methanol CH3OH 99.5%. * 125 ml propan-1-ol CH3(CH2)2OH 98%. * 125 ml butan-1-ol CH3(CH2)3OH 99%. * 125 ml octan-1-ol CH3(CH2)7OH 94%. * Thermometer (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0500 oC). * 5 x funnels. * 50 ml conical flask. * Casio stop watch (Uncertainty: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 seconds). * Distilled water. * Risk assessment: * The procedure uses poisonous alcohols. Notably, suggested by Department of Chemistry Imperial College London (2006) [2], less than 2 teaspoons (2 ml) of methanol can cause blindness, and 2 table spoons (30 ml) can cause death. This toxicity is mainly due to it being converted in the body to formic acid and formaldehyde, which first attack the cells in the retina, then the other vital organs. Plus, propan-1-ol is used as a common solvent and cleaning agent in chemistry laboratories. Also, because it evaporates rapidly, IPA is widely used in astringents to cool the skin and constrict surface blood vessels. * Goggles and lab coat are therefore needed to be worn throughout the experiment. * Procedures: 1. Close the tap and run some distilled water into the top of the burette, then swish the burette up and down to let the water clean all the inside of the burette. Open the tap, let the water drain out. 2. Attach the burette to the retort stand and take care that the burette is upright and stable. 3. Close the tap and use the funnel to put 25 ml of ethanol into the burette. 4. Remove the funnel, make sure that there is no air bubble inside the burette. Measure the temperature of ethanol by the thermometer. 5. Put the conical flask under the burette, adjust the height of the burette so that the tip of the burette is just above the lip of the conical flask. 6. Open the tap and immediately start the stop watch. 7. Stop the watch when 25 ml of ethanol is fully released from the burette. 8. Continue to open the tap and collect the remained ethanol in the burette. 9. Repeat step 1 to 8 four more times. 10. Then change ethanol with methanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol. Experiment step 1 9 with each alcohol. * Range and repetitions of experiment: * There are 5 different ranges (The lowest value: 0.789 g ml-1 the highest value: 0.826 g ml-1, Please refer to Data Collection and Processing - Processed data). * The initial procedure is repeated 5 times and thus 25 results are recorded. * Control of variables: * The volume of each alcohol sample remains constant for every test at 25 ml. Different volumes of the alcohol sample may cause inaccuracies in terms of measuring the time taken to release. For instance, larger volume of the same alcohol sample certainly takes longer time to be released. * The temperature of each alcohol sample need to remain constant for every test at 20 oC (293 K). The analysis, written by Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December) [3], of the high-temperature spreading kinetics for liquids affecting density shows that they can be modified with a constant shift factor. Therefore, higher temperature of the same alcohol sample may reduce the time taken for the alcohol to be released. * The burettes and funnels are rinsed carefully with distilled water prior to the experiment to ensure that inside the burettes do not contain any unnecessary substances/ions. If present, they may react with the alcohols to form products which have different liquid density, as opposed to original liquid densities of the alcohols at 20 oC (293 K). * The same burette is used for every measurement. This is because burettes from the same manufacturer cannot be guaranteed to have the same radius of the tips (possessing relatively small values). The use of different burettes can result differences in the time taken for the alcohol to be released. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING * Raw data table: Alcohols Dependent independent variables Ethanol Methanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Octan-1-ol Liquid density / g ml-1 at 20 oC (293 K) [4] 0.789 0.791 0.804 0.810 0.826 1st repetition: Time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 39.0 43.0 67.0 82.0 112 2nd repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 41.0 44.0 69.0 81.0 115 3rd repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 38.0 46.0 70.0 83.0 111 4th repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 39.0 42.0 71.0 80.0 114 5th repetition: Time taken / seconds à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 40.0 45.0 70.0 79.0 110. Table 2.1 shows the collected raw data table. * Processed data: * Calculating the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette: * Mean time taken / s = (1st + 2nd + 3rd + 4th + 5th trial data) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5. Alcohols Dependent independent variables Ethanol Methanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Octan-1-ol Liquid density / g ml-1 at 20 oC (293K). 0.789 0.791 0.804 0.810 0.826 The mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette / à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0100 seconds 39.4 44.0 69.4 81.0 112 Table 2.2 shows the processed mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette. * Presentation of processed data: Graph 2.1 shows the relationship between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of each alcohol from a burette. * Treatment of uncertainties: * I try to read off carefully volume of the burette from the bottom of the meniscus with my eye level at the meniscus in order to make sure that the volume of each alcohol sample used is only 25 ml. CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION * Graph analysis: * According to the presented graph of the mean time taken to release 25 ml of different alcohols, there is a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette as a very good line of best fit can be observed. (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing - Presentation of processed data - Image 2.1). * Conclusion: * The results demonstrate that, the higher the liquid density is, the longer time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette. * The conclusion totally agrees with my hypothesis. * Evaluation of procedures: * Strengths: * Safety in the laboratory is highly maintained (by wearing goggles, lab coat and being careful with glass apparatus to avoid any poisonous alcohols that may splash). * Standard ranges and repetitions are met, a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette is observed. * Quantitative investigation, with repeats strongly supporting each other, successfully proves that the expectations based on scientific knowledge are totally correct. * Weaknesses: * Several inevitable uncertainties occur throughout the whole experiment which may account for inaccuracies in the collected data. * The concentrations of the alcohols vary from 94.0 % to 99.5 %. The differences in concentration of each alcohol affect the reliability of the data, since 25 ml of pure alcohols (or 5 alcohols with the same concentration) may take different time to be released from the burette. * Although there is a very strong positive correlation between the liquid density and the mean time taken to release 25 ml of alcohol from a burette, the independent variables (liquid density) do not increase constantly due to the limited number of available alcohols (Please refer to Data Collection and Processing - Presentation of processed data - Image 2.1). * The entire procedures, although are simple, take a long time to finish because of the 50 ml burette need to take at least 3 times to add 5 alcohol samples (5 repetitions for each alcohol), 25 ml each. Overall there are 15 times to add 25 alcohol samples since I decide to investigate 5 different alcohols. The more time I need to add more alcohols into the burette, the more likely inaccuracies to occur. * Improving the investigation: * The procedures can be partially replaced by computer data logging suggested by Laurence Rogers (1995) [5] to prevent uncertainties from human errors when stopping the watch. The experiment can be programmed to collect the data (Time taken for 25 ml of the alcohol to be released from the burette) automatically. * More alcohols with liquid densities within the ranges (The lowest value: 0.789 g ml-1 the highest value: 0.826 g ml-1) can be tested to fill the 2 gaps between methanol and propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol in the presented graph. For instance, penta-1-ol has the liquid density of 0.815 g ml-1 at 20 oC (293 K) [6]. * Pure alcohols should be bought in the same concentration to ensure the reliability of the collected data. Otherwise, diluting the alcohols to the same concentration can be less expensive, yet time consuming. * A larger burette, for instance, with measuring volume of 75 ml (only 2 times to add 5 alcohol samples, 25 ml each) will reduce the times need to pour more alcohols into the burette to 10. Not only this change in equipment may save time of experimenting, but also minimise the uncertainties. Bibliography [1] Weinberg, F. (1984, December). Fluid flow from a low to a higher density liquid. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 15(4), 681. Abstract retrieved March 8, 2009, from Springer Link. Web site: http://www.springerlink.com/content/n84726w432072592/ [2] Department of Chemistry. (2006, August 25). Biological effects of Methanol and Larger Alcohols. In Ethanol. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Imperial College London. Web site: http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/environmental/html/ethanol_text.htm [3] Weirauch, D. A., Jr. (1998, December). Predicting the spreading kinetics of high-temperature liquids on solid surfaces (Vol. 12). Alcoa Technical Center. Retrieved March 8, 2009. doi:10.1557/JMR.1998.0478 [4] Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Radix Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site: http://www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx [5] Rogers, L. (1995, May). Sensors and The Data-Logger. In Hardware and software. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from School of Education, University of Leicester Web site: http://www.le.ac.uk/se/lto/logging/test1.html [6] Process Calculator. (2009). SG. In Liquid Density. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Radix Business Models Pvt Ltd. Web site: http://www.processcalculator.com/Liquid_Density.aspx

Women and Islam Essay -- Islamic Females Islam Essays

Women in Islam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religious institution has a profound impact on any and every society. Social norms, mores, and expectations are mostly defined by our belief systems, even if we ourselves don’t practice a religion. Government too is always based on common agreement upon what is right and wrong, and who is to rule. A society can experience violent opposition and revolutions because of radical religious groups. There’s no doubt about it. In any society, small or large, primitive or modern, religious institution plays a leading role. Islam is no exception. This paper will explore three critical aspects of Islamic society. The first is Democracy. Just how incompatible is an Islamic society with democracy? Secondly, how are women treated by Islamic society? Are they treated as equal to men, and why? Lastly, is Islam conducive to human rights? Is this reflected by Islamic governments? All of these questions and more will be considered in the following. It’s definitely not the first time it’s been asked. Can Democracy really function in an Islamic society? Some say yes, some say no. But the answer doesn’t seem to be quite so black and white. The Muslim countries in the world today are all different, and all have or have had different relationships with democracy. In order to better understand the answer to this question, we must look at some of the factors that influence the relationship between Islam and Democracy. According to Daniel E. Price, there are seven major categories of influences on the relationship between Islam and Democracy. These are historical influences, regime strength, regime strategy for dealing with political Islam, Islamic political groups, modernization/economics/demographics, politicized sectarian, ethnic, linguistic, or class cleavages, and minority religious groups. In history, there have been several notable aspects of society that have influence on Muslim countries. Colonialism has obviously induced a sort of backfiring from Radical Islam, and it is for this reason that most Muslim Countries that have had a history of Colonialism have a stronger presence of Radical Islam. These countries include Algeria, Syria, and Egypt. There is a stronger lingering hostility toward ideas attributed to the West (liberalism and democracy) and Westernized classes because of their association with the former colonial overlords. (Price, ... ...rn ideology. There is nothing in the Qur’an or Sharia that actually directly confirms that these three aspects of Islamic society are exactly as we in the West perceive. The problem is that the way that Muslims interpret their scriptures is contrary and even offensive to the West and its common ideologies. Lastly, the criticism and influence from the West toward Islamic culture, in addition to historical colonialization, only intensifies their rejection of the West and its criticism, and actually seems to make the problems concerning Democracy, women, and human rights even worse. Bibliography Esposito, John L. 1980 Islam and Development: Religioni and Sociopolitical Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Syracuse University Press: Syracuse. Macionis, John J. 1992 Society: The Basics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lehigh Press, Inc.: New Jersey. Price, Daniel E. 1999 Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Praeger Publishers: Connecticut. Spellberg, D.A. 1994 Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of A’isha Bint Abi Bakr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Columbia University Press: New York. Turner, Bryan S. 1974 Weber and Islam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Western Printing Services Ltd: Great Britain.

Natural Resources and Energy Paper

Natural Resources and Energy Paper Spechelle Jones, Cherrie Chicaletto, Robert Hernandez, Jamie Hughes SCI/256 October 13th, 2010 The world is growing at a rate of speed of 2. 8 people per second and losing 1. 6 acres of land per second in accordance with an article last month titled Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Population Growth on the World Population Awareness website. World Population Awareness is an organization concerned with recent problems of as well as solution ideas to popular global warming theories caused directly by overpopulation of the world. (World, 2010).In addition to all natural resources on this planet fading away, there is an ever growing apprehension with the number of species of wildlife and the respective habitats of each. All over the world, nature preservation parks have been constructed just so a small group of people can be accountable to enforce certain guidelines for that preserve which support and ensure safety of life within that area. With more and more natural resources required to maintain our â€Å"natural† function of life, it is inevitable that the natural resources will run out sometime. It is only a question of when.E. O. Wilson said, â€Å"The one process ongoing †¦ that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us. † This theory has been the fuel for the modern â€Å"Go Green† campaign. Individuals everywhere have formed organizations promoting new resources that do not compromise the state of our planet. Ideas are being televised worldwide to educate people and suggest new ways of heating our homes or washing our clothes with a new detergent.With this in mind, it could only be a matter of time before the government requires everyone to follow certain procedures for the disposal of waste or building a house. Suddenly, it just does not seem s o important anymore that the government may be infringing on our rights as an American citizen to force regulatory guidelines. Taking the place of this common concern, is a universal interest and effort to save our planet for the sake of our children. Renewable forest resources are declining due the increased use of nonrenewable forest resources.Coal and natural gas are two examples of nonrenewable forest resources. These resources are nonrenewable because they cannot be recycled. The high abundance of coal and natural gas hit its peak one hundred years ago, after sitting under the earth for more than an estimated one million years. The supply of coal and natural gas is nearly gone due to excessive use of the resources in the past century. The coal and natural gas is not renewable; these resources are causing pollution to the ocean and all waters alike.Extracting natural gas and oil from forests for energy source is convenient to humans, but the environment is suffering as well as t he natural resources that are part of the local ecosystem of the forest. The forest resources were so abundant; however the transformation to these natural lands is irreversible. The forests can provide natural resources for centuries to come (Derr, 2007). Proper management of these resources is necessary for renewable forest resources. Water, air and paper are all examples of renewable forest resources.However, once these resources are polluted by the other resources; it is much more difficult to recycle them. In many cases, it is just too late to recycle those items because of the high amount of pollutant they had sustained. Carbon Dioxide is recycled into clean oxygen by plants and trees. Since many trees are being cut down and burned, more charcoal is being produced; which is a nonrenewable resource. The trees are being cut down, which can leave renewable forest resources.However, many of the trees in these big forests have been growing for thousands of years. The strength and p ower of these trees is impossible to regain. The trees have been putting clean oxygen into the air for thousands of years. New trees begin growing each year with the seeds from those who were cut down. None of those trees will have near the amount of power and/or shelter important to the surrounding ecosystem like those who had been growing for hundreds of years. It is vital to the local ecosystem of the forests that the trees remain.Animals do not want paper for shelter, nor can paper produce clean air to breath. It is important that the natural resources be taken care of, too much of the natural resources are depleting too quickly.References Derr, A. (2007). RENEWABLE RESOURCES. Boys' Life, 97(3), 38. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. World Population Awareness. (2010). Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Population Growth. Retrieved from Google at http://www. overpopulation. org/impact. html. Natural Resources and Energy Paper Natural ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals, and microorganism in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical of the environment which plants and animals are dependent upon one another, and their particular surroundings-for survival. Natural ecosystems make up the planet on which we live as well as the entire universe. They are dynamic and interconnected. An ecosystem is a collection of all plants, animals, microorganisms, bacterium, and fungus as well as the non-living components that function together as one unit in a given area (The Ontario Plan, 2011). Living and non-living things intertwine with each other in a natural ecosystem. San Diego’s wetland is an example of a natural ecosystem. In this paper it will discuss about the effects that a growing human population may have impacted on San Diego’s wetland’s resources, including loss or harm to populations of wild species. It would also discuss one management practice for sustainability and conservation of natural resources. Also to identify the risks and benefits of extracting or using one resource from this ecosystem, or in any areas near this ecosystem. Effects of Human Population Coastal Wetlands are one of many endangered habitat in the world, only next to tropical rain forests. It is said that in the United States there are estimated more than 50% of wetlands have been severely altered or destroyed. San Diego wetland is the most threatened resource on the California coast. By 1900, wetlands have been affected by human activities. Wetlands everywhere have been filled in for human developments such as housing, industrial plants, and airport. They have been dredge for use as canals, waterways, and marinas. Highways are over the streamside canyons and cut right through coastal marshes, causing habitat fragmentation (Sea World, 2002). Loss and harm to population of wild species Between 1990 and 2000 wetland loss was approximately 24 square miles per year, which is one football field lost every 38 minutes. The loss over the next 50 years with current restoration efforts is expected to be 500 square miles. Human activities cause wetland degradation and loss by changing water quality, quantity, or flow rates resulting increasing pollution and change the makeup of species within a habitat. These changes occur when wetland ecosystems are disturbed or non-native species are introduced to a habitat. Wetland plants can suffer as a result of both pollution and hydrologic changes. Other ways wetland plants can be damaged are cattle and other livestock grazing, introduction of non-native plants that compete with native plants and removal of plants to use land for other human development. Management for sustainability and conservation In the 1970s and 80s state and federal agencies, together with many private conservation groups, spent millions of dollars to purchase San Diego County wetlands to establish wildlife preserves. As a result, most of the county’s wetlands are publicly owned. This has largely stopped the filling, dredging, and other direct destruction of the wetlands, but they are still suffering from the erosion and sedimentation caused by upstream development. The City of San Diego has recently restored seven acres of salt marsh on the north end of Mission Bay, which expands the wetlands of Mission Bay Northern Wildlife Preserve. The Southern California Wetlands Recovery Project aims to acquire more than 1,500 acres, and to restore or enhance more than 500. In San Diego County the Project includes 20 acres of restored salt marsh in the Tijuana River Estuary (Sea World, 2002). Nonrenewable and renewable energy Oil and coal are currently the most used forms of nonrenewable energy. Coal is a combustible material that comes from the earth. It is obtained from mining and is the most difficult resource to get. Oil is another combustible energy obtained from drilling, although unlike coal, once the hole is drilled the oil can be pumped out of the hole. This makes it easier and more cost effective to gather oil then coal (Oracle ThinkQuest, 2011). No risk or benefit found by extracting or using a nonrenewable type of resources. Renewable energy is energy that automatically replenishes itself from ongoing natural processes. For example, sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows are creators of usable renewable energy (Oracle ThinkQuest, 2011). Wetlands cannot use any of none or renewable energy because wetlands are very sensitive that anything alien expose or introduce to it would lead fragmentation or even damage. View as multi-pages

The painting A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace

Adriaen van de Venne `s painting   A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace: An AnalysisThe painting A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace is a small painting by the Dutch artist Adriaen van de Venne.   The beauty of this painting is spectacular.   The picture presented is busy with many people in the depiction as well as many activities.At first the eye is drawn to the palace.   Even though it is in the country, it is ornate and impressive with its spires and cupolas.   Faded into the background is the image of a silhouette of a village.   The sky is littered with birds, and dogs dominate the crowd scene.Bordered by an elegant fountain and garden on one side and a forest with goats and deer on the other, there is a game of ball taking place.   Many people of all classes and backgrounds are entertained by watching the game.   In the left hand corner there are lovers who are oblivious to the rest of the excitement.   The one character that stands out is the middle age d, hefty man in the front who is dressed as a country gentleman.   There is a sense of frivolity in the mood of this painting.  A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace was painted in sixteen fourteen.   The oil on panel is six and one half by nine inches.   This painting and its companion, A Merry Company in an Arbor, were part of a series of four landscapes representing the seasons. This painting probably represents summer. (A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace)   The painter, Adriaen van de Venne, was born in 1589 in Delft, Netherlands, and died in 1662in The Hague, Netherlands.

ACT Scores Matter for College Admissions

When Don't SAT/ACT Scores Matter for College Admissions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you started researching how to apply to college?You may know that most college-bound students take the SAT and ACT. But just how important are they, and when can you get away without taking them? Let's look at when SAT and ACT scores are important for college admissions, and when they're not. When SAT/ACT Scores Matter Generally speaking, four year colleges place a lot of importance on your SAT and ACT scores. Your grades and high school classes may have different curriculum and levels of difficulty among schools. Because of this, it's hard for admissions officers to compare candidates' academic readiness on high school classes alone. The SAT and ACT represent an attempt to measure students' skills, knowledge, and potential on the same playing field. If you're applying as a strong academic archetype - for example, you have high grades and strong extracurricular involvement - you want your test scores to reinforce your academic achievement. If this describes you as a student, then your SAT or ACT scores matter a great deal.(Below, we'll discuss how scores factor into the equation for students applying as athletes or to pursue a special talent, like dancing or the arts.) Especially selective schools also want to see SAT Subject Tests, as a standard measure of your mastery of a particular subject in school, like biology, math, or Spanish. Click here to see the complete list of SAT Subject Tests and learn about what they cover. How to Find Your College Requirements Colleges state their standardized testing requirements on their admissions websites. In addition to which tests they require, you want to know what scores you need to achieve. This article tells you step by step how to set target scores that will put you in the best position for admission to your chosen schools. If your high school uses Naviance, you can also see data from students that attended your own school. Naviance shows you what scores they had and if they were accepted or rejected from your schools of interest. With clear goals and effective test prep, you canachieve your target scores and apply to schools where you have a strong chance of admission. For the many of you to whom SAT or ACT scores are very important, you can start preparing by answering any and all of your questions about the tests. When are the best dates to take the SAT or ACT?How can you aim for and achieve a perfect score? And how is the SAT scored anyway?The ACT? By thoroughly understanding the tests inside and out and doing some serious prep to get yourself ready, you can achieve scores that reinforce your high school record and prove your academic excellence to admissions committees. Now let's look at some exceptions - schools with test-optional and test-flexible policies. When Scores Don't Matter (or Matter As Much) - Test Optional and Flexible Schools Recently, more and more schools are de-emphasizing, or even doing away completely, with standardized test scores in their admissions decisions. Some schools have a test optional policy, which suggests that it's up to you whether your scores reflect your academic ability and you want to send them. Some schools merely suggest you can opt out, while others emphasize that scores truly are optional and will not affect your chances of admission one way or the other. This is frustratingly vague, right? I'd suggest researching the school's website or calling its admissions office and asking them to clear it up. Unless the school really stresses that scores are truly optional, it's probably a good idea to still take the test and send them. Considering how competitive admissions are, strong test scores could be one more way to gain an edge and stand out. Here we've compiled the comprehensive list of all the test optional and test flexible schools, along with their specific expectations. Check it out to see if any of your schools of interest don't require the SAT or ACT for admission. If you feel you are unable to achieve strong scores and the tests would drag down your application, then it might be a good idea to hold off on sending those in. Again, you should always check with the school to clear up what their stance toward SAT and ACT scores really is. One notable exception is Hampshire College in Massachusetts. They will simply reject any test scores that are sent their way. Their policy states, "Unlike 'test-optional' institutions, we will not consider SAT/ACT scores regardless of the score. Even if it's a perfect score, it will not weigh into our assessment of an applicant." Some test optional schools are Bates, Bowdoin, Smith, University of Texas at Austin, and Wesleyan, among numerous others. Another approach that schools have adopted is to be test flexible. This means you can send the SAT or ACT, but there are other options as well. Usually these other options are sending three SAT Subject Tests or three AP exams, if you feel they better reflect your work as a student. NYU, for example, says, "To be eligible for admission, applicants are expected to submit results fromone of the following testing options: The SAT Reasoning Test; or The ACT with Writing Test; or Three SAT Subject Test scores; or Three AP exam scores." We've looked at the policies of four-year colleges, but what about your unique profile as a candidate? First, what are your SAT or ACT requirements as a recruited athlete? Applying as an Athlete If you're being recruited as an athlete, you are most likely going through NCAA Clearinghouse. You will still have to take the SAT or ACT, if your college requires it, but your scores don't have to be as high as non-recruited students. Your SAT and ACT scores are compared on a sliding scale with your grade point average (GPA). So if your GPA is on the higher side, you can get by with lower test scores. If it's low, then you have to score higher on the SAT or ACT to make up for it. Click here to read about all the NCAA requirements, what SAT scores you need, and how to achieve them.This article is for you if you're a student athlete planning on taking the ACT. Your score requirements may also be less stringent if you're applying with a special talent. Applying With a Special Talent Have you published novels as a teenager? Or won national competitions in spelling or math? Did your 9th grade science experiment help scientists make a breakthrough discovery, or have you played violin in a symphony since the age of 14? If you're regarded as one of the top achievers in the country or world in a well-regarded talent, like music, academic competitions, chess, theater, or dance, then your SAT or ACT score might not matter that much. It might be especially inconsequential if it doesn't align with your strength. For instance, a college might not care how well a published teen author scores in math. Many of these students receive some media attention for their exceptional talent and will likely be in close contact with colleges to discuss exactly what scores they need for admission. If the college finds you a desirable candidate, then it will probably waive the usual SAT/ACT score expectation and accept you with a lower minimum score. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Applying to Art Schools If you're looking to pursue studio art, photography, dancing, acting, music, or another field in the arts, then you may not have to take the SAT or ACT. Usually these schools are more concerned with your portfolio or audition. Juilliard, one of the world's leading music schools and most prestigious arts programs, does not require the SAT or ACT. Some other art schools with no SAT or ACT requirement include, Academy of Art College in San Francisco American Academy of Art in Chicago California College of the Arts International Fine Arts College in Miami Illinois Institute of Art New England Institute of Art and Communication New Hampshire Institute of Art Two other types of schools that don't usually require the SAT or ACT for admission are community colleges and trade schools. Community Colleges As far as I know, no community colleges require SAT or ACT scores. They usually have open enrollment and have students take a placement test in math and English to determine their level in these classes. SAT or ACT scores could exempt you from these tests and determine your placement. Community colleges offer two-year Associate's degrees in a huge number of programs. Some students go into community college with a "2 + 2" plan, meaning they'll complete two years at community college and then transfer to a four year school. After an additional two years, they'll receive their Bachelor's degree from that four-year institution. There are several reasons why students might choose this plan. Two major ones are saving money or improving their academic record. Community colleges tend to be much less expensive than four year schools, so spending a couple years at one could be a huge tuition-saver. For students who are not satisfied with their high school grades, they could achieve higher grades in community college and then have more options for four year schools. Community colleges also often have partnerships with state schools that make it easy to make this switch. If you've already been at a community college for two years, you usually do not have to take the SAT or ACT or send your scores in order to transfer. The other type of schools that don't require SAT/ACT scores are technical and trade schools. Technical and Trade Schools Students who are primarily looking for professional training may be interested in technical or trade schools. Many of these schools don't require the SAT or ACT, or, if they do, they may only require it for certain sections. ITT Tech, for example, gives students the option of either passing an admissions test or taking the SAT or ACT. As with all college applications, research your school to find out its specific admission requirements. If you attend a vocational high school, or have one in your district, the teachers and counselors there might also be a great source of information for post-secondary options in technical and trade schools. To Sum Up... As you can tell, there are lots of different post-secondary options! Make sure to research your options well in advance of senior year so you can make a plan and fulfill all of your requirements in time for your deadlines. If you experience a lot of test-taking anxiety or cannot take the SAT or ACT for other reasons, there are selective four year schools, community colleges, and trade schools that do not require or do not heavily emphasize standardized testing scores. If you have financial concerns about the tests, check out our article on SAT fee waivers and ACT fee waivers to see if you might be eligible to waive the cost. If you are, you can also get free score reports sent to colleges. The SAT and ACT can be a personal milestone on the path to college for students, but these tests are not for everybody. Explore your options so you can make the best post-secondary plans for you! What's Next? Feeling worried about the SAT? Read these strategies for managing anxiety and how to use mindfulness to clear your head, focus your energy, and perform your best on the SAT. The new SAT is fast approaching! With that in mind, should you take the new SAT in 2016 or the current SAT? Figure out the answer to this important question here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion question - Coursework Example number of body parts pierced either as a declaration of their personal individualism, a recuperation of their bodies from emotional or physical trauma, as a way of sexual fulfilment or stimulation or for as a means of decoration. Art does not help in keeping the practice in balance since people indulge in body piercing for various reasons. This can be affirmed by claim of Rand that the foundations of capitalism tattered by an overflow of self-sacrifice, which is the source of the contemporary worlds decay (Rand, 1967). I believe Karl Max was correct in stating that capitalism is self-destructing. Capitalism has led to competitive capitalism that serves as both an instrument for attaining economic self-determination and a necessary state for political freedom. These are factors linked to the concept of individuality (self-destruction). According to Friedman, it costs funds to discriminate, and it is extremely hard, given the unfriendly nature of market conditions (Friedman 1982). This is a confirmation of Max declaration on

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Assignment

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Crime - Assignment Example Using the example of the New York City Police Department, given in the prompt for this essay, one understands that the key inputs that the police department interfaces with in regards to building the outputs and feedbacks that are generated is made available through a weekly process of data input. In this way, personnel from New York City Police Department’s precincts, service areas, and transit districts compile a statistical summary or overview of the week’s crime data. In this way, crime patterns, arrests, complaints, and other verifiable and measurable data of significance are collated and entered into a database. This process represents the input phase, or data gathering phase that forms the very backbone of the process of CompStat. It is important to note that this process itself is the most important as it is the only stage in the process where human inputs can directly affect and oftentimes skew the results that are reported. For this reason, an individual depar tment has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit. As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. ... For this reason, an individual department has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit (Willis et al 2012). As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. Once the inputs have been entered into the system, the second phase of analysis then takes place; that of processing of the determinant data. This stage is reliant not upon the level of analysis that individual humans would otherwise perform; rather, it is entirely dependent upon the algorithms and likelihood matrixes that CompStat itself can infer from the inputs it has been given. As with the old cliche with regards to a computer program only being as good as the programmers that programmed the code, the same is true with relation to CompStat as it is but a tool and should not be seen as a perfect representation truth or overall infallibility. As has been stated with the input stage that has previously been discussed, the processing of the data and the outputs that it ultimately yield is solely reliant on the quality and voracity of the information that is loaded into the system. In other words, only a quality level of inputs will be processed and related into a quality level of outputs from which a degree of reasonable and actionable inference could foreseeably be drawn. The heart of the CompStat process therefore relies on each step of the process; however, for purposes of evaluation, the third step, or the outputs, is of perhaps the most interest. Within this step, a team of