Marketing Concepts and Planning of Cathay pacific Essay

Promoting Concepts and Planning of Cathay pacific - Essay Example The organization accepts that their business is promoting information to the voyagers. Appropriately, the organization is devoted to Hong Kong where it was built up as it keeps on making significant ventures to make Hong Kong’s avionics industry and improve the situation for Hong Kong as a provincial transportation center. Besides, extra to armada of airplane, the organization likewise puts resources into food readiness, airplane fixes and ground the executives organizations. To Cathay Pacific, an incredible airdrop isn't simply worried about the contribution of an enchanting registration, heavenly food and loosened up seats; it is tied in with comprehending what a client wants before they have to ask for. This is Cathay Pacific organization thinks about that the verifiable long haul differentiation among themselves and their adversaries is the selective assistance class offered by their staff. Research has indicated that their administration has an even prevalent impact on ex plorers' sentiments than the item they give (Danny 2006, p. 78). To Cathay Pacific, this shows preparing and progressing in their workforce has similarly as critical benefit as their endeavor in phenomenal innovation. Thus, they have been gathering or targeting developing a culture of administration quality. They call this new culture 'Administration Honest from the Heart.' Segmentation, Targeting And Positioning Decisions of Cathay Pacific Cathay Pacific is the circle's third most savvy air organization. It is enlisted and grounded in Hong Kong and at present recruits more than twenty thousand representatives. Division, focusing on and situating are the crucial techniques for showcasing plan. Amount advertise is isolated into minor segments in which customers share a similar arrangement of necessities and wants (Graydon 2003, p. 87). Venders perceive areas or parts and pick the most practicable and financially savvy segments to target. Cathay Pacific targets exchange explorers by p icked account database and mice advertisings. Offering accentuation to the devotion to Hong Kong is a differentiation situating approach of Cathay Pacific (Moyo 2005, p. 59). What's more, Cathay Pacific arranges itself as an air organization giving predominance administrations from where it counts their hearts. In this way, its current image building war for strengthening this position is â€Å"Individuals and services.† Cathay Pacific deals with the grumblings of its customers through different channels including remark card, Website, and cutting edge representative on the grounds that the quantity of complaints is a sign, which can uncover customer endorsement or satisfaction in a roundabout way. As needs be, the organization intermittently performs overview concerning the satisfaction of customers proactively (Greenley 2005, p. 123). The result of the happiness shows that customer is satisfied with Cathay Pacific's administrations. Content customers lead to customer unwave ring quality and, thusly, improve brand equity. By the by, Cathay Pacific despite everything adapts to two layered dependability program to maintain and improve client unwavering quality. As per Robeson (2009, p.89), division, focusing on and situating are interrelated strides for arranging advertising trick. Division has been recognized to include allocating the market into various littler segments with nearly reliable customer needs and wants. Focusing on remembers an organization's decision of choosing for at least one objective segments to join in. On the

Modern philosphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Present day philosphy - Essay Example Basically, Descartes was viewed as condescending to scrutinize the constancy of science dependent on induction since logical examination must be surmising from by methods for tactile assessment. To demonstrate his point, Descartes experienced what is regularly alluded to as a scholarly resurrection and to accomplish this he needed to deconstruct all that he had gained from birth since he had leant it through his faculties and he needed to demonstrate that they could mislead. To this end, he proposed a couple of contentions among them the fantasy hypothesis, recommended that when one longs for state a fire, they feel warm and experience the similar experience they do when they are really luxuriating in a fire. A similar contention can be reached out to cover other vibe that individuals see even the nonappearance of animating operators or circumstances. For instance, one can dream they are falling and they will wake up with a feeling of dread and likely break in to a perspiration with dread precisely as they would have in the event that they had really being falling. Correspondingly, he makes a contention about whether God really exists or whether a misdirecting devil or underhandedness virtuoso controls people. He contends, would one be able to realize that they have no body yet they essentially exist as a psyche in which data is taken care of and the physical sensations are really envisioned. This idea has been shown in a few show-stoppers all the more so movies, for example, â€Å"inception† where the plot includes a circumstance wherein the characters can move and control occasions in the lives of others by getting to their cerebrum while they imagined. In the wax model, Descartes further exhibits the lack of quality of the faculties by guaranteeing that a bit of wax in its strong structure will look, feel and smell uniquely in contrast to itself on the off chance that it were liquefied. Thusly, somebody curious about wax may see two completely various things by taking a gander at wax in its various structures albeit basically they are something very similar. By the day's end, Descartes wishes to welcome his crowd to surrender their visually impaired, (in a manner of speaking) dependence of logical enquiry and examine everything from a reasonable perspective. In the celebrated cogito contention , he asserts I am accordingly I exist, to demonstrate this he decides to question everything including his own reality which is after all solitary mindful of by methods for tactile forces (Kaufman 12). At the point when he metaphorically pieces of all his insight, he stays with the main piece that did not depend on observations, and the way that he questions everything implies that not all things really exist. In any case, that he is equipped for questioning is evidence of the presence of his uncertainty and this converts into this presence since he should be existing to question. This contention while appearing to be implausible and outla ndish to the non-basic eyes really bears a point that nearly everybody including his most noteworthy pundits would concur. An individual can't think a lot about something different than about himself in light of the fact that as demonstrated by Descartes, one doesn't have to apply tactile forces to demonstrate their own feeling of being (De Marzio 312). In this way, the most qualified method of understanding one’s self is the one that doesn't utilize experimental thinking, why them, Descartes appears to

100 Sociology Research Topics You Can Use Right Now

100 Sociology Research Topics You Can Use Right Now Sociology is a study of society, relationships, and culture. It can include multiple topicsâ€"ranging from class and social mobility to the Internet and marriage traditions. Research in sociology is used to inform policy makers, educators, businesses, social workers, non-profits, etc.Below are 100 sociology research topics you can use right now, divided by general topic headings. Feel free to adapt these according to your specific interest. Youll always conduct more thorough and informed research if its a topic youre passionate about.Sociology is a study of society, relationships, and culture. It can include multiple topicsâ€"ranging from class and social mobility to the Internet and marriage traditions.Art, Food, Music, and CultureDoes art imitate life or does life imitate art?How has globalization changed local culture?What role does food play in cultural identity?Does technology use affect peoples eating habits?How has fast food affected society?How can clean eating change a perso ns life for the better?Should high-sugar drinks be banned from school campuses?How can travel change a person for the better?How does music affect the thoughts and actions of teenagers?Should performance artists be held partially responsible if someone is inspired by their music to commit a crime?What are some examples of cultural misappropriation?What role does music play in cultural identity?Social Solutions and Cultural BiasesWhat (if any) are the limits of free speech in a civil society?What are some reasonable solutions to overpopulation?What are some ways in which different types of media content influence societys attitudes and behaviors?What is the solution to stop the rise of homegrown terrorism in the U.S.?Should prescription drug companies be allowed to advertise directly to consumers?Is the global warming movement a hoax? Why or why not?Should the drinking age be lowered?Should more gun control laws be enacted in the U.S.?What bias exists against people who are obese?Sho uld polygamy be legal in the U.S.? Why or why not?Should there be a legal penalty for using racial slurs?Should the legal working age of young people be raised or lowered?Should the death penalty be used in all cases involving first-degree murder?Should prisons be privately owned? Why or why not?What is privilege? How is it defined and how can it be used to gain access to American politics and positions of power?How are women discriminated against in the workplace?What role does feminism play in current American politics?What makes a patriot?Compare/analyze the social views of Plato and AristotleHow has labor migration changed America?What important skills have been lost in an industrialized West?Is the #MeToo movement an important one? Why or why not?What conflict resolution skills would best serve us in the present times?How can violence against women be dealt with to lower incidence rates?EducationShould students be allowed to take any subject they want in High School and avoid t he ones they dont like?How should bullies be dealt with in our countrys schools?Do standardized tests improve education or have the opposite effect?Should school children be forced to go through metal detectors?What is the best teacher/student ratio for enhanced learning in school?Do school uniforms decrease teasing and bullying? If so, how?Should teachers make more money?Should public education be handled through private enterprises (like charter schools)?Should religious education be given priority over academic knowledge?How can schools help impoverished students in ways that wont embarrass them?What are ethical values that should be considered in education?Is it the states role or the parents role to educate children? Or a combination of both?Should education be given more political priority than defense and war?What would a perfect educational setting look like? How would it operate and what subjects would be taught?Marriage and FamilyHow should a family be defined? Can it be m ultiple definitions?What is a traditional role taken on by women that would be better handled by a man (and vice versa)?How has marriage changed in the United States?What are the effects of divorce on children?Is there a negative effect on children who are adopted by a family whose ethnicity is different than their own?Can children receive all they need from a single parent?Does helicopter parenting negatively affect children?Is marriage outdated?Should teens have access to birth control without their parents permission?Should children be forced to show physical affection (hugs, etc.) to family members theyre uncomfortable around?What are the benefits (or negative impact) of maintaining traditional gender roles in a family?Are social networks safe for preteens and teens? Why or why not?Should the government have a say in who can get married?What (if any) are the benefits of arranged marriages?What are the benefits for (or negative impact on) children being adopted by LGBTQ couples?H ow long should two people date before they marry?Should children be forced to be involved in activities (such as sports, gymnastics, clubs, etc.), even when theyd rather sit at home and play video games all day?Should parents be required to take a parenting class before having children?What are potential benefits to being married but choosing not to have children?GenerationalShould communities take better care of their elderly? How?What are some generational differences among Generations X, Y, and Z?What benefits do elderly people get from interaction with children?How has Generation Y changed the country so far?What are the differences in communication styles between Generation X and Generation Y (Millennials)?Why could we learn from our elders that could not be learned from books?Should the elderly live with their immediate family (children and grandchildren)? How would this resolve some of our countrys current problems?What are some positive or negative consequences to intergener ational marriage?Sociology explores themes of community and relationships, including marriage and family.Spiritualism, religion, and superstitionWhy do some people believe in magic?What is the difference between religion and spiritualism?Should a government be a theocracy? Why or why not?How has religion helped (or harmed) our country?Should religious leaders be able to support a particular candidate from their pulpit?How have religious cults shaped the nation?Should students at religious schools be forced to take state tests?How has our human connection with nature changed while being trapped in crowded cities?Which generation from the past 200 years made the biggest impact on culture with their religious practice and beliefs? Explain your answer.Addiction and Mental HealthHow should our society deal with addicts?What are ethical values that should be considered in mental health treatment?Should mental health be required coverage on all insurance policies?Is mental health treatment becoming less stigmatized?How would better access to mental health change our country?What are some things were addicted to as a society that are not seen as addiction, per se?Should medicinal marijuana be made legal?What are some alternative treatments for mental health and wellness instead of antidepressants?Has social media helped or harmed our society?Are video games addictive for young people and what should be done to curb the addiction?Should all recreational drugs be made legal?How has mental health treatment changed in the past 20 years?Should recreational marijuana be made legal?How is family counseling a good option for families going through conflict?

Importance Of Art And Its Effect On Society - 1435 Words

The Importance of Art in Society Art is often marginalized and left aside in favor of serious fields, like math and science; it is generally seen as an extra and as something purely recreational – icing on the cake. However, it is an essential component of any even moderately healthy society. To begin with, it has quantifiable benefits in areas including therapy and education thanks to it s fluid, ambiguous, and creative nature. Equally, it is difficult to find enjoyment or fulfillment in life without it – it gives a sense of purpose and meaning to members of a vocation-based society which is too easy to perceive as a machine in the absence of the arts. It is capable of opening discussions and recording as well as spurring ideological and historical change while being able to transcend language barriers. To put it simply, art can be hard work and can yield considerable results. Art is an irreplaceable tool in multiple forms of therapy in part because it allows to make c oncrete the fluid and emotional and brings what is exclusively in the inside world into the outer, concrete world. Art therapy is successfully used as a form of multipurpose treatment for psychological and neurological disorders ranging from addiction to acute psychosis and sleep disorders. Not only does it allow for physical neurological changes, such as improved fine motor skills and establishment of positive biofeedback, it helps to explore the emotional range of responses to difficult illnesses andShow MoreRelatedSociology Of Art : A Reader1625 Words   |  7 Pages Art holds a high position in the world and in society due to its use, such as documenting events in history with things like cave paintings and literature, and expressing oneself through art in religion and the things we envision, and what we want the world, our society, to be. When it comes to the question of which better effects which, in the terms of â€Å"...art...and society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , it is clearly shown that the arts are highly affected by both societal and cultural constructs. And when it comes toRead MoreThe Abstract Ideas Of Art1141 Words   |  5 Pages The Abstract Ideas of Art: The Philosophical Reasons Naohito Takeda AP Seminar-5, Analytical Composition February 17, 2017 Introduction Is it important to fund the arts? Art has impacted society positively and negatively. The negative impacts has to be considered so there is fairness and solutions. The philosophy of art is a way to express ideas on the funding of arts. The government is the main source for the funding of arts. However, the government has to consider the otherRead MoreFilm as the Most Important Art Form of the Twentieth Century Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesFilm as the Most Important Art Form of the Twentieth Century The use of film and its explorations have progressed steadily since the 1800’s and as our title suggests, it has become an important art form and a huge influence on society today. Influencing the way we live, the way we speak, the way we act and more. There isn’t an art form closer to representing ‘reality’; this is why film has such an affect on all of us! The first ‘image of motion’ created was in 1873Read MoreEffects Of Tattoos On Society s Society1392 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Tattoos on Society Having a moral acceptance toward others is an important aspect in sustaining a happy and fulfilled life, but maybe some things that are quite visible can be hard to look past. Tattoos are one of the most controversial topics when it comes to professionalism mixing with open mindedness. People all across the world have tattoos and are now seen in everyday society. Tattoos have also gone back thousands of years and in some cultures were celebrated, or shown for culturalRead MoreTattoos And Its Impact On Society1384 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessionalism mixing with open mindedness. People all across the world have tattoos and are now seen in everyday society. Tattoos have also gone back thousands of years and in some cultures were celebrated, or shown for cultural reasons. Furthermore, the U.S. military is now integrating new policies on tattoos, ensuring the domestication, and acceptance of tattoos. Effects of tattoos on modern day society have had a definite impact. Not all people are aware, or tolerant of these new and upcoming changes. â€Å"TattoosRead MorePeople Meet Nature By Knut Rasmussen1663 Words   |  7 Pagesor not there is a requirement in society for art and literature to be useful. The utility of diverse art forms stems from an individual’s unique perspective which many differ from the societal conceptions and the need one has to express one’s opinions. According to dictionary.com, the definition of useful is â€Å"being of use or service; serving some purpose† (Useful). To be useful, something needs to be able to be applied. In regards to this paper, for a work of art and literature to be useful meansRead MoreAnalysis Of Leo Tolstoy s The French Artist 1258 Words   |  6 Pagesassessment of art, and the role progress plays in regards to it, contrast greatly from that of the French artist, Marcel Duchamp. However connections can be made between their various aesthetical art theories, including in a way, the relationship the art has with the viewer. Although the audience’s role is radically different to each, it is essential component to both, Duchamp’s and Tolstoy’s aesthetical theories. Tolstoy approaches the aesthetic view of art as a necessity to society. He seesRead MoreHow The Ghana Is Influenced By African Art1493 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept the uncivilised nature of African societies. We will also look at the relationship between the Benin Bronzes, as African art, rather than modern art in the west. We know that the Benin bronzes are known to be of ‘aesthetic’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘sentimental’ value due to its symbolic appraisal of civilisation. They are also one of the most sophisticated pieces of art. When looking into the African heritage, we can note it has a vast impact on the modern art world - artists such as Pablo PicassoRead More Comparing Roman and Greek Art Essay example1185 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Roman and Greek Art Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural values and social structures of individual civilizations. Ancient art serves as a useful tool to help historians decipher some important aspects of ancient culture. From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each cultures political and moralRead MoreIs Graffiti Really Art?974 Words   |  4 PagesIs Graffiti Really Art? Is graffiti seen as vandalism or a notable art that is used to voice the opinion of many artists? Many are quick to conclude that graffiti is an act of defacing public property, but few are in understanding of what real graffiti is. Graffiti is defined as art that is displayed or created in public spaces. So this presents the question of why some critics believe that graffiti should not be classified as a real subcategory of art. Below is the explanation as to why graffiti

China And India Compared And Contrasted - 917 Words

China and India Compared and Contrasted In Classical India and Classical China, the development of institutions and traditions were very different yet very similar in many ways. For instance, India and China both put women below men and considered merchants as a middle class. However, they differed in areas such as centralized government. Outside of the Mauryas and the Guptas, India was run by the religion-based caste system while China had a very centralized government, except for the Warring States period and the Three Kingdoms period. If you look closely, Classical China and Classical India are like opposites drawn in the same colours. They both socially stratified their people in ways dictated by their beliefs but while India made it impossible to move any way but down, China allowed movement in any direction through the pyramid of society if you could earn it. Furthermore, while China worshipped their ancestors and looked to learn from the past, India believed in reincarnation and looked to the future. Both Classical China and Classic India considered women inferior in many areas, politics especially. Women had almost no say in the Government if there was a government to take part in. In India, there was hardly ever a government to participate in, even for the men. When there was a government in Classical India, though, it only pushed the women down more. In Classical China, the only time women really got a say in the government was during the reign of Empress Wu, theShow MoreRelatedChina and India, Western Influence on Youth924 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ China and India, Western Influence on Youth BUS 330 Over the last decade China and India have adopted trends from western-styles. These are two heavily populated countries and their youth are gravitate more to western styles. There are many goods and services that can be offered to their marketers. This paper will describe the products that interest these youth markets. Compare and contrast the micro- and macro-environmental forces that influence the marketing strategies for these goodsRead MoreSocial Structure Essay example1164 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Structure Introduction The legacies of cultural syncretism in the Americas and Africa can be compared and contrasted with the resistance to cultural change that westerners experienced in China and India. These encounters have left many legacies of change and differences in the culture today. Had syncretism not occurred or if syncretism had taken root during earlier encounters in China or India the world today would be different. Various cultural factors in would affect the outcome of syncretismRead MoreEconomies Of Brazil, Russia, India, And China1610 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil, Russia, India, and China combined, originally projected to be the fastest growing market economies by Jim O’Neill of Goldman Sachs first in 2001, but most prominently in a follow up paper published in 2003 ((â€Å"Brazil, Russia, India, and China - BRIC,† n.d.). The Goldman Sachs thesis states they, Brazil, Russia, India, and China, have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc (â€Å"Brazil, Russia, India, a nd China - BRIC,† n.d.). Just thirty prior, Brazil, Russia, India, and China were all strugglingRead MoreThe Importance Of Policy Options935 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the Asia pacific and IOR (Nye 1995 pg. 7). Engage the United States in the Asia-Pacific region through a network of treaty alliances and regional trade and security forums. To promote further cooperative engagement from both United States and China with other regional players through out the Asia-Pacific (White 2011 pg. 81). Focus exclusively on increasing our bilateral, miniateral and multilateral relationships to protect and strengthen Australias economic and diplomatic position within theRead MoreHinduism And Taoism802 Words   |  4 Pagesregion of Asia and that they each expanded through the silk road in the late 6th century to the end of the 14th century. Buddhism and Hinduism are particularly the most related since both were constructed and reached its height in India. In contrast Taoism originated in China unlike Buddhism and Hinduism. Another factor to keep in account are the people who founded these philosophical religions. In comparison, both Buddhism and Hinduism have a founder or a clear idolized figure unlike Taoism where itsRead MoreCompetitive Advantages And International Trade1636 Words   |  7 Pageshave an abundance of cheap labor. A perfect example of this would be the nations of India and China. Due to overpopulation and lack of opportunity, these countries have governments that p ass little to no regulations in order to protect their workers. Leaving their workers open to exploitation and low wages gives these nations a competitive advantage in terms of cost for both products and services rendered. China has taken full advantage of this situation by utilizing cheap labor in order to gainRead MoreThe Economic Growth Of Brazil1214 Words   |  5 PagesUnemployment in Brazil Brazil is a country situated in Southern America and is listed among the emerging economies owing to its potential of economic growth. In other words, Brazil is among Russia India and China, or the BRIC which are said to be emerging economies because in the recent past they have recorded the highest level of economic growth. Economic growth contributes greatly to the other concerns in the economy such as the gross domestic product, unemployment, inflation and the quantitiesRead MoreAs Japan Joined The Global Community, Its Leaders Realized1692 Words   |  7 Pagescolonial land holdings, in part because Japan lacked many natural resources of its own, but also to be on the same playing field as the Western powers who held many colonies, especially in Asia and the Pacific. Using the Western powers actions in China and Japan with the Unequal Treaties, as well as their actions in other Asian countries, Japan tried to justify their imperialism in Asia by stating they were trying to prote ct Asia from Western influences and to promote Pan-Asianism. Just like someRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of Revolutions is often a term used for a period of time, usually between 1760 -1848. Although the term encompasses many revolutions across the globe, it isn’t very often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaboratedRead MoreCultural Syncretism2190 Words   |  9 PagesAmericas have been compared and contrasted with the resistance to cultural change Westerners encounter in China and India. The cultural factors that caused these different outcomes are discussed. This discussion is followed by the legacies that the differences in types of encounters and degr ees of cultural change that are left today. Next the differences in the Americas regarding modern culture had syncretism not occurred are listed. Finally the differences in China or India are mentioned if cultural

Befr Case Free Essays

The main problem that Nundies has been facing is that the store repurchase rate by companies has not met Nundies expectations. About 6% of stores placed additional units beyond the initial purchase. Additionally, online purchases are not used frequently. We will write a custom essay sample on Befr Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another problem is that store personnel that sell Nundies, have not been suggesting or talking about Nundies to customers. Furthermore, the displays for Nundies seem to merge in with the other merchandise in the store, which has a big impact on sales. If the stores are not properly displaying the merchandise and the sales associates do not promote Nundies this will lead to a decrease in sales and impact the company from reordering Nundies, which affects Nundies overall sales and profits. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS Nundies is a single-use, disposable panty that sticks to the inseam of women’s leggings, athletic wear, shorts, and jeans. This product helps women maintain a degree of protection when they decide not to wear underwear. The introduction of the new product â€Å"Nundies† by Advanced Materials Inc. s a transition from a foam fabricator manufacturing business to a proprietary medical and consumer products. Nundies is a true departure from the ordinary product offered by Advanced Materials, Inc. AMI manufacturing estimated that the labor and material costs to produce a single liner would only be $. 60. Three colors/package options would be produced including, black, buff and assorted. The liners would be packaged i n a colorful 5-count plastic pillow package, which would cost about $. 45 per unite to produce. The wholesale price to retail store would be $7. 0 for each 5-count package. Moreover, manufacturer’s agent would be paid 12 percent commission on the wholesale price for each 5-count package sold. This agent is responsible to establish the distribution coverage among women’s boutique store and specialty shops for Nundies. Based on Nundies’ marketing research, women’s boutique and specialty shops account for the largest percentage of women’s underwear sales (30. 9%), followed by department stores (30. 7%), mass merchandise and warehouse club stores (29. 1%), and other retail outlets such as internet retailers (9. %). According to a nationwide research conducted by Nundies among 1,042 women between the ages of 18-49 revealed that: ? 84% of women would be interested in a product that would eliminate panty lines ? 81% of women said â€Å"yes† to the questions would u be interested in a product that provides hygiene and comfort, but is not underwear ? 22% of women had tried no undies as a solution for no visible panty lines. ? When women were asked if they would be interested in a garment-safe disposable, but no panty lines; 36% said â€Å"yes,† 49% said â€Å"maybe†. How to cite Befr Case, Essay examples

Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essay Example

Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essay The purpose of writing this essay is to highlight the worker safety issues from Fast Food Nation. The problem basically is worker safety that is put to stake because of the dangers the workers have to face while they are made to do the work. This is the basic problem that has been identified that the workers have to face and certain remedies to these problem are also suggested in the later paragraphs. The worker safety issues are alarming and it is necessary that the employers must take steps to take care of such issues. The fast food industry has activated homogenization of our society and has also hastened the scenario by further creating a gap between the rich and the poor people and fast food have now become very popular for the American people. However, there are some unrecognized truths that have to be taken into consideration. The fast food nation has basically changed the culture of America and the way the people eat.[1] The socioeconomic effects  of the  fast food industry are diverse and the industry is dependent on the federal money i.e. it takes SBA loans in order to run the franchises and to run the fast food business. The assembly line  methods of  fast food production  actually worked their way into  large-scale agribusiness. The beef factories are irregular in size and it is hard to automate the cattle just in the way the poultry and other things required in the fast food business are being manufactured. The places where this takes place are horrible and businessmen mostly employee illiterate workers who are made to work for long hours and get a very low pay.[2] We will write a custom essay sample on Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, the conditions in which they are made to work are pathetic and unhygienic that can be a very big threat to the human life. In order to prevent this, it is essential that the businessmen must take steps and for this just an incremental cost is required. Following these lines, now however the American slaughterhouse has improved a lot more than before as the standards have been improved and the workers are safer than before. Furthermore, I would also like to add that the real cost of the fast food is not actually measured in terms of purchase but the cost of the workers is also included. The reason for writing this paper is not that I am anti-fast food but it is to highlight that fact that though some of the fast food giants produce high-quality food at comparable prices to the other  chains, they must also put value in their  workers   as well as the food supply instead of trying to grab even the last bit of profits. â€Å"Fast food is served everywhere. Be it restaurants, trains, airplanes or cruise ships. It has been reported that the Americans spent around $6 billion in 1970 on fast food and the amount further increased to $110 billion in 2001. It has also been reported that the Americans spent more money on fast food than on the other expenses such as higher education or other luxuries. They spend more on fast food than on movies, magazines, newspapers,  videos, and  recorded music   combined.[3]Therefore, the nation’s most prized tradition is the fast food. As the fast food industry has progressed from a stand owned stall to giant corporations, the demand for the workers has also increased. In the following paragraphs I have referred to some of the articles and have given some of the examples of worker safety issues prevailing in the fast food market. The first is about the robberies. This article talks about the pizza delivery boys in Bethlehem who had to encounter robberies. The article tells that the pizza boys were robbed during the hours of work and were also punched down and thrown on the ground, the suspects however fought among themselves for both cash and pizza. Both the robberies took place with two different pizza boys working for two different pizza eateries. The first victim worked for Domino’s Pizza and was robbed by three men who took pizzas and a heated delivery box and this robbery took place before 6:00pm and took place on Morton Street. However, the other robbery took place at around 8:30pm and at Hilton Street. The other pizza boy who was robbed was working for Papa Johns in a way that he was called to the home to deliver two pizzas from.[4] According to another article, the wage rates of McDonalds are inappropriate and they have been criticized in this. This criticism was done by the members of the Service Employees International Union in the New Orleans and their basic theme was to criticize the low wages. This was called to be a nationwide campaign in which the members were to talk to the workers as well as the consumers about McDonalds wages. Furthermore, the article also reveals that McDonalds is against the Employee Free Choice Act. This Act is basically a legislation that gives American workers the opportunity to have better pay, benefits and working conditions. Moreover, the president of SEIU also said that the American workers dont have the buying power. Therefore, there is a need to drive the economy in part because companies like McDonalds are giving CEOs windfalls while workers struggle to afford items on the Dollar Menu.’ America’s workers struggle to pay even their bills, however the CEO’s get huge bonuses yearly. The article also said that a national campaign would be run in which they would distribute leaflets at McDonalds location nationwide that were more than around one hundred outlets. The third article is about the workers who have opened franchises with buyouts. Mark Bergman, who used to work for Ford Motor Co.s sales and marketing department, actually dreamt of pizza and accepted a buyout offer from Ford in 2007 in order to fulfill his dream. He actually wanted to open a franchise of Little Caesars and so he opened a store in Atlanta and although there has been a recent turmoil, he did not worry about that and opened a third pizza outlet and just like Bergman many people invest their money in buying franchises.[5] It is believed that franchising is a way to invest in something that can be controlled and the more you invest the more you get but the credit squeeze makes things tougher and as reported by Domino’s Pizza chairman and CEO David Brandon, the global credit crunch is forcing some Dominos Pizza franchise owners out of business mainly because the banks are cutting off loans. Moreover, the costs of franchising are high and the franchise owners have to face a lot of challenges. The work is not done once the franchise is set up. However, there are long hours of work involved in this business. In 2003- 2007 around 75000 jobs have been cut. Although lots of people inquire Dominos Pizza about the Big Three, however less than 20 percent actually show genuine interest in it as this is not an easy business. Constructing an outlet requires at least 14 months and the net worth required to be proved is $250,000 and $75,000 in liquid capital. Other than this, there is actually no guarantee of success and so caution is necessary. It is not always necessary that of the parent company is doing well, so would the franchise.[6] Another article talks about exploitation of workers done by some of the some  fast-food  chains. A US Senate hearing that took place in April in Florida focused the working conditions of the farm workers and some of the very famous fast food brands such as McDonalds and Yum Brands, which includes Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers, agreed to pay the 1-cent increase. Other than this, there was Burger King and Subway also agreed to the proposal but at 1.5 cents per pound and they guaranteed to keep some for their workers. The treatment being given to the farm workers is very bad especially tee tomato pickers who have been earning the same amount for picking up a bucket of tomatoes i.e. 45 cents and this amount has not been modified since 1978 even though the worth of the tomato crop in Florida is worth $619-million annually. Moreover, they workers work seven days a week and work for 10- 12 hours with no overtime pay and no benefits such as sick leave or job security at all. Moreover, they have to face violence and live in pathetic living conditions.[7] Majority of the workers earn less than $10,000 a year and pay relief is one of the most important factor that can make things better for the tomato pickers. For this, the CIW has persuaded the fast food industry to pay one more cent per pound to help the workers and this effort has been successful as they have even used the strategy of applying a fine to those who do not pay this extra amount. CIW also hopes that the new president, Barack Obama will also support this cause that was basically to take care of the human rights of the workers working for the fast food industry and to avoid exploitation.[8] People who eat fast food must be aware of the fact related to the fast food industry and should then take their own decisions whether they must support the industry or not taking care of the status of the industry in the current scenario.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY Essays - Computing, Extreme Programming

HOWARD UNIVERSITY Essays - Computing, Extreme Programming HOWARD UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF SYSTEMS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE SPRING 2017 CSCI 540: Object-Oriented Development Grading You will be graded on how well you unit test your code and identify a reasonable number of edge cases. In addition, your test cases should also be reasonably documented, i.e., comments. Background In this assignment you will be writing JUnit test cases for the stack and queue implementations you developed in assignment #2. In eclipse, or whatever IDE you are using, you should have (2) source directories ...src/main/java (contains assignment source code) ...src/test/java (contains test source code) There are a number of JUnit tutorial and examples that you can find on the internet. You can focus your search on using JUnit with eclipse for those who are using it. As usual, please post your questions to piazza so that your classmates can benefit. Assignment You should create a JUnit test cases for every public method of your stack and queue implementations. Some of your classes may contain private "helper" classes that I assume will be executed when your public methods are invoked. So, you do not have to break encapsulation to test your private methods. Here are some additional requirements/suggestions 1. Package structure of class to be tested and test class should be the same. So, for example, if you created your stack implementation under howard.edu.ood.hw1.collections then the corresponding test case should use the same package structure. 2. Naming convention of test classes If the class to be tested is Stack then the corresponding JUnit class should be called StackTest 3. Naming convention of test methods If, for example, you are testing method pop() in Stack then use something similar to: testPopIsEmpty() { ... } test indicates a test case Pop indicates name of the method that is being tested IsEmpty gives a descriptive indicator in the name of the method of what is being tested 4. Comments Be sure to document your JUnit test cases using javadocs Submitting Your Work When you have completed this assignment and tested your code thoroughly, create a .zip file with your work. The zip file should contain source code only (i.e., no .class files) and only contain the contents of your src/main/java and src/test/java contents. E-mail your final submission to [emailprotected] Make sure to keep a copy of your work just in case!

Definition and Examples of Grammaticalization

Definition and Examples of Grammaticalization In historical linguistics and discourse analysis, grammaticalization is a type of semantic change by which (a) a lexical item or construction changes into one that serves a grammatical function, or (b) a grammatical item develops a new grammatical function. The editors of The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (2014) offer as a typical example of grammaticalization . . .  the development of be going to into an auxiliary-like item be going to. The term grammaticalization was introduced by French linguist Antoine Meillet in his 1912 study Levolution des formes grammaticales. Recent research on grammaticalization has considered whether (or to what extent) it is possible for a grammatical item to become less grammatical over time- a process known as degrammaticalization. The Concept of "Cline" Basic to work on grammaticalization is the concept of a cline (see Halliday 1961 for an early use of this term). From the point of view of change, forms do not shift abruptly from one category to another, but go through a series of small transitions, transitions that tend to be similar in type across languages. For example, a lexical noun like back that expresses a body part comes to stand for a spatial relationship in in/at the back of, and is susceptible to becoming an adverb, and perhaps eventually a preposition and even a case affix. Forms comparable to back of (the house) in English recur all over the world in different languages. The potential for change from lexical noun, to relational phrase, to adverb and preposition, and perhaps even to a case affix, is an example of what we mean by cline.The term cline is a metaphor for the empirical observation that cross-linguistically forms tend to undergo the same kinds of changes or have similar sets of relationships, in similar order s.(Paul J. Hopper and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Grammaticalization, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Have Got to According to Bolinger (1980) the modal auxiliary system of English is undergoing wholesale reorganization. Indeed, in a recent study, Krug (1998) observes that have got to for the expression of necessity and/or obligation  is one of the biggest success stories in English grammar of the last century.  Such claims suggest that  synchronic data spanning  several generations in apparent time may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying ongoing grammaticalization processes in this area of grammar. . . .In order to contextualize these forms  in terms of their development and history, consider the history of the modal must and its later quasi-modal variants have to and have got to . . ..Must has been around since Old English when its form was mot. Originally it expressed permission and possibility . . ., [b]ut by the Middle English period a wider range of meanings had developed . . ..According to the Oxford English Dictionary  (OED) the use of have to in the sense of oblig ation is first attested in 1579 . . ..The expression have got to on the other hand . . ., or with got by itself, . . . entered the English language much laternot until the 19th century . . .. Both Visser and the OED label it colloquial, even vulgar. . . . [P]resent-day English grammars usually consider it informal. . . .However, in a recent large-scale analysis of the British National Corpus of English (1998), Krug (1998) demonstrated that referring to have got to  or gotta as simply informal is quite an understatement. He found that in British English of the 1990s  have got to  or  gotta  were one and a half times as frequent as the older forms must and have to.According to this general trajectory, it would seem that the construction with got is grammaticalizing and further that it is taking over as the marker of deontic modality in English.(Sali Tagliamonte, Have to, Gotta, Must: Grammaticalization, Variation, and Specialization in English Deontic Modality.  Corpus App roaches to Grammaticalization in English, ed. by  Hans Lindquist and Christian Mair. John Benjamins, 2004) Expansion and Reduction [G]rammaticalization is sometimes conceived of as expansion (e.g., Himmelmann 2004), sometimes as reduction (e.g., Lehmann 1995; see also Fischer 2007).  Expansion models of grammaticalization  observe that as a construction ages, it may increase its collocational range (e.g., the development of BE going to as a future marker in English, which first collocated with action verbs, before extension to statives), and aspects of its pragmatic or semantic function (e.g., the development of epistemic modality in the use of will in examples such as boys will be boys).  Reduction models of grammaticalization  tend to focus on form, and particularly on changes (specifically, increase) in formal dependency, and phonetic attrition.(The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, ed. by  Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Oxford University Press, 2012) Not Just Words, but Constructions Studies on grammaticalization have often focused on isolated linguistic forms. It has frequently been emphasized, however, that grammaticalization not only affects single words or morphemes, but often also larger structures or constructions (in the sense of fixed sequences). . . . More recently, with the increasing interest in patterns and particularly with the advent of Construction Grammar . . ., constructions (in the traditional sense and in the more formal explications of Construction Grammar) have received much more attention in studies on grammaticalization . . ..(Katerina Stathi, Elke Gehweiler, and Ekkehard Kà ¶nig, Introduction to Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issues. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010) Constructions in Context [G]rammaticalization theory adds little to the insights of traditional historical linguistics despite purporting to offer a new way of looking at data concerning grammatical forms.Still, one thing that grammaticalization definitely has gotten right in recent years is the emphasis on constructions and on forms in actual use, and not in the abstract. That is, it has been realized that it is not enough simply to say, for instance, that a body part has become a preposition (e.g. HEAD ON-TOP-OF) but rather one must recognize that it is HEAD in a particular collocation, e.g. at-the-HEAD-of that has yielded a preposition, or that HAVE turning into EXIST is not necessarily just a random semantic shift but rather is one that happens in the context of adverbials . . .. This is a big step forward, since it takes semantic change especially out of the realm of the purely lexical and places it into the pragmatic domain, deriving changes from inferencing and the like that are possible for words in constructions with other words and in actual, contextually keyed usage.(Brian D. Joseph, Rescuing Traditional (Historical) Linguistics From Grammaticalization Theory. Up and Down the Cline- The Nature of Grammaticalization, edited by Olga Fischer, Muriel Norde, and Harry Perridon. John Benjamins, 2004) Alternate Spellings: grammaticalisation, grammatisation, grammaticisation

A Study of Lean Management 2034 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Study of Lean Management 2034 - Essay Example Secondly, value stream is identified as the main source of information for the whole process. Thirdly, lean management assists in assuring that the customers receive the right products. Customers pull is important and hence it is the fourth principle for lean management. Fifthly, through lean management there is continuous improvement in productivity and quality of products (Schonberger, 2007). The report explains the operational process in Toyota and how it has helped the company to prosper in the present market. The different approaches that are undertaken by the company to reduce waste, increase productivity and efficiency are also highlighted in the report. In light of this, the report also gives emphasis on the usefulness of lean management in order to satisfy the customers. The success of Toyota is dependent on its reduction system, which focuses on just-in-time management and continuous improvement. The company has developed decentralised structure; the structure encourages team work and employee participation. It has incorporated techniques such as inventory and supply chain management for producing the high quality automobile. Through these techniques it has increased the competitive edge in a competitive automobile market at international level. The success of the company revolves around achievement of high productivity and employment of unique approaches that can solve problem. Toyota Motor Company manufactures vehicles which are sold in 170 countries. However, the company operates worldwide by partnering with 50 overseas manufacturing companies. It manufactures sells and even exports hybrid, passenger, four-wheel drive, sports and commercial vehicles. Customer satisfaction is regarded as the top priority for the company in a competitive automobile market. It aims at building products, which reflect value and satisfy their needs. The customers are general public who have the desire to own a

Critical opinion on history of design Term Paper

Critical opinion on history of design - Term Paper Example Significantly, the design history also exists as a component of practice based courses with its teaching and study being as a result of the National Advisory Council of Britain and was launched in the 1960s under the art and design programs. Considerably, the council aimed at making art and design education a legitimate academic activity which necessitated the employment or ‘buying in’ of specialists from art history disciplines, leading to a particular style of delivery. Wood is among the core components of design (as a material) that most people including designers, appreciate and love; simply because it is an incredibly useful material that has minimal effect to the environment (Gustav 1). Over the years, wood has provided humans with shelter, warmth, tools and furniture and it has been a great inspiration that even the earliest man interacted with wood in this most basic ways and more. Typically, wood is embedded with many layers, all of which are symbolic in the aspects of its history in design, time and where it has been applied; for instance, wood keeps a record of its environment and each year brings new growth that marks its past or the rings of a tree can teach us about the environment and specific events in the trees life holding its history within and its living energy expresses it outward. Most of the craftsmen that use wood in design express energy that is added to the depth of the material; reflectively, furniture has been part of the human experience since the development of the non-nomadic cultures and there is historical evidence that it goes the Neolithic period (Gustav 1). This theory is an example of how design in general has been of great significance to the human era, not to forget that it does not in any negative way affect the environment. Furniture designed from wood is not only a product but is also considered to be a from of

Reducing prejudice in society

Reducing prejudice in society A major problem still occurring in todays society is prejudice. We can observe this in the wide ranges of evidence available. . It is still reported to be in any institution such as school or work and can be learnt from how we see others. The current paper intends to explore and revise the literature that can be found surrounding the topic. Prejudice and discrimination are a reflection of how others respond to people of another group and reflect their affective, behavioural and cognitive reactions to the people within these different groups. The literature surrounding this topic is vast, so this review will focus on a specific strand gathered from the literature surrounding prejudice and concentrate on prejudice reduction within society. Where does it start? There is a negative thought pattern that occurs in early childhood as according to Klein (1992.) Media and books contain stereotyping and thus it is this that creates the foundation for prejudicing occurring in adults. Degner and Wentura (2010) carried out a study that looked at the automatic activation of prejudice in children and adolescents (9 years to 15 years.) There was a continuous pattern suggesting a linear developmental increase of automatic prejudice with significant effects of outgroup negativity which only appeared surrounding 12 to 13 year olds. However, results of younger children showed no indication of automatic prejudice activation. These results suggest that although children are assumed to acquire prejudice at much younger ages, automatization of negative attitudes may well be related to developmental processes in early adolescence. What society views as beautiful is controlled by the media through magazines etc. An article called Preventing Prejudice: A Guide for Counsellors, Educators, and Parents, written by Ponterotto, Utsey, and Pedersen (2006) gave a very useful insight. This piece of literature covers a range of topics on reducing prejudice, one being the roles and responsibilities of those in a position to reduce prejudice; such as teachers and counsellors etc. This is a view which is also shared by many others, who agree that the classroom is where the early signs of prejudice are seen and it is there that they should be alleviated. This would be a direct approach by the teacher. Pate (1995) believed that the teacher should instruct the students to take part in anti-prejudice programs by reading informative books on the topic, integrating a weekly class to enlighten the students and such other activities. However Pate did admit this was not a successful tactic as students may begrudge the instructions and thus strengthening a prejudice therefore, delayed measures are the only resolut ion to create an attitude change with the direct approach being used in the long-run. Teachers have the power and means to implement prejudice reduction techniques. This is a statement many claim, such as Dessel (2010), and could be perceived as being straight forward and true. However, there is still a lack of demonstration of this in action as something which can be repeated in any school. Again other literature from Pate indicates that the cognitive approachs principle is that people can reduce prejudice if they know more about other groups and think more clearly. Pate (1995) stated that various intervention efforts which include; empathy as well as an increase in knowledge and consideration of other groups, different in several ways from the students, are effective. Other studies also share this view about the effectiveness of the cognitive approach in prejudice reduction. For instance, Katz and Zalk (1978) found the ability to recognize and accept differences amongst member groups could promote prejudice reduction. Other classroom approaches might also work in re ducing prejudice. Some examples of this alternative are; semantics, counter-stereotype approach, cultural immersion, the study of cultural anthropology, developing instructional materials and value clarification (Pate, 1995). The common problem is still a lack of evidence and design flaws. Bigler (1999) noted that prejudice reduction research has encountered limitations due to problems with the design of many studies. Some of these include an overly simplistic model, bias in the measuring of attitudes and a want for longitudinal studies in order to ascertain if there are any sustainable effects from the reduction strategies. Some studies in the literature have actually reported that, even though strategies are implemented for reducing prejudice, there are troubling effects . . . of increased racial bias among children (Bigler 1999.) Copious amounts of literature display programs and schemes of how they can theoretically reduce prejudice from an early age such as Weston (1990.) The study claimed that carefully chosen reduction tactics incorporated into the current curriculum can reduce prejudice. This however is claimed by many theorists in different ways, although the study didnt prove to have any valid e vidence to back up the theory. Other researchers have admitted there is a repetition in the guidelines as to how we can reduce prejudice. Work carried out by Parrens (2007) does give a good background on prejudice and is insightful stating that the reduction of malignant prejudice is the responsibility of society. However this investigation lacks the presence of new research, as much already exists in the vast amount of literature available. Even so, it does highlight some factors which have been brought up before to reduce prejudice but underlines a new importance of these factors where they had previously not been counted as substantially important and discusses them further. The focus in much of the literature was on intervention in early children to eradicate prejudice; however this focus has been modified to ensure the inclusion of how social motivational processes and other aspects of a childs social interactions can influence them in their attitude towards prejudice. (Social Identity Development Theory (SID T), (Davis et al 2007). Much of the literature includes theories to reduce prejudice; however Dovidio Gaertner (1993) found that the traditional methods and techniques included in such literature may not actually be very effective in reducing prejudice. As indicated by the material available in psychology, intergroup contact seems to be an essential means of reducing prejudice. Allports (1954) contact theory argues that four major conditions must be met to effectively reduce prejudice. Pettigrew (1998) expanded on Allports theory in his intergroup contact theory by adding another condition of friendship potential. Optimal intergroup contact requires time for cross-group friendships to develop (Pettigrew, 1998) A study was conducted to examine the conflict and prejudice between Israelis and Palestinians. The existing prejudice here was reported to have furthered the development and preservation of two major groups living in direct resistance and antagonism. Stephen et al (2004) conducted such studies. Although the research seems promising in its effort to attempt to discourage and remove prejudicial stereotyping in small groups, literature has several limitations which need to be taken into account. It focused primarily on reducing prejudice between Israelis and Palestinians. This therefore evokes concern as to whether or not there can be a generalization towards conflict in other populations. Each population is different and different underlying issues exist, therefore the mentioned interventions may not necessarily be appropriate to all populations, leading to a possible requirement for adjusting according to the population. The literature also faltered in its lack of longitudinal researc h. From the study the results indicated desired effects; however these could very well only be short term. Bargal (2008) reasoned for adopting a long-range research design, monitoring the study over time, as opposed to it being a short-term intervention. Evidently, more research is required in this area in order to determine whether or not these interventions discussed, offer long lasting effects in terms of conflict resolution and reducing stereotypes and prejudice effectively. Conclusion Most of the literature informs us that the classroom is the best place to reduce prejudice due to the earliness of which it is recognized and can be manipulated. This then proposes that the students can learn empathy and other desirable emotions towards those who are different to them which could lead to unnecessary feelings of us versus them,a classic in-group versus out-group situation. According to literature, by the age of 10 a child may quickly develop a prejudiced attitude due to this becoming autonomous (Yee and Brown (1992), Rutland (1999) and Rutland et al (2005.) However, to validate this claim, more research should be conducted with a certain concentration on the age differences and the environment at home, which may breed hostile attitudes, in turn strengthening a prejudice tendency. The literature should use more of a qualitative based method and data, as opposed to the vast amount of quantitative data, to determine if the results reinforce the existing records. Again since the main reduction strategies are poorly supported by valid studies, they are merely suggestions, insufficiently backed up by research. The studies on these strategies are vague, lacking needed specifics on certain focuses such as gender, age and individual background. Future studies should aim to include a larger focus on strategies involving education and eliciting self-control and should particularly attempt to refer to different types of race and ethnicity. One such piece of literature seemed to demonstrate the best understanding of prejudice reduction tactics by offering field tested tools to determine ways to reduce it. This was written by Ponterotto et al (2006) as discussed above. However since this is one piece of literature, more needs to be focused on not just what prejudice is and the fact that it can be overcome, but to actually display studies of these reductions in action.

Types of Diabetes

DESCRIPTIONDiabetes pertains to a metabolic disorder that is associated with the lack or absence of insulin, a protein that transports glucose into the cells of the body.   Glucose, also simply known as sugars, is considered as the first source of energy for the daily activities performed by the human body, such as walking and standing.   In addition, glucose also serves as the main resource for the energy that is required to fuel cellular processes within the body, including that of growth and repair of cells and tissues.   The food items consumed by an individual generally contain glucose and thus the presence of insulin is important for the transport of this macromolecule to the appropriate regions of the body.Insulin is mainly produced by the pancreas, which is a digestive organ that is strategically located next to the small intestines, where digestion commonly occurs.   Once the process of digestion has been completed in the intestines, the glucose molecules transported into cells through the help of insulin.   In normal individuals, the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is enough to transport the glucose that is present in the meal consumed.   On the other hand, individuals with diabetes show a lack or absence of insulin secreted by the pancreas, thus preventing the transport of the glucose molecules into the cells.   Glucose is therefore left outside the cells and these remain circulating in the blood.   The continuous accumulation of glucose further extends from the blood to the urine, which in turn are samples employed for the diagnostics of diabetes.CAUSES OF DIABETESDiabetes is generally caused by a number of factors, depending on the type of diabetes that has been positively diagnosed in an individual.   Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an autoimmune condition that involves the incapacity of the body to combat infections (NIH, 2010a).   In this case, the immune syst em of an individual causes the destruction of the cells of the pancreas, thus decreasing and possibly preventing the production of insulin for glucose transport.   The actual mechanism that triggers the destruction of the pancreatic cells by the immune system is still unknown and there are active efforts in the field of biomedical research that are attempting to elucidate this reaction.Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an increase in the level of glucose in the body due to aging, obesity or genetic inheritance of the condition (NIH, 2010b).   Type 2 diabetes is therefore more commonly observed among elderly individuals, as their metabolic rate generally slows down as they age.   Obese individuals tend to develop diabetes because their food choices are often different from the recommended daily diet, thus increasing the likelihood that sugar-rich foods would be consumed on a regular basis.Gestational diabetes pertains to the increase in the blood glucose level of a female during pregnancy.   This occurrence is usually linked to the gain in the total body weight of a woman during pregnancy, as well as the decrease in the physical activity of the woman as she progresses through the entire gestational period of 36 weeks or 9 months.   Unlike types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes often disappears once the woman has given birth.   The disappearance of the features of diabetes are possibly linked to the loss in the total body weight after birth, as well as the increase in the physical activity of the woman after delivery.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes generally affects both males and females, yet there are certain characteristics that strongly associated with this metabolic disease.   According to the World Health Organization, type 1 diabetes is more common among whites and is considered as a rare disease among non-white populations of Africa and Asia.   Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals.Moreover, elderly individuals who are overweight are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because these individuals tend to be less active in physical activities.   Certain populations are thus associated with type 2 diabetes, including those of African and Asian ethnicities.   In the United States alone, there are 24 million individuals with the age of 20 years old and above that have been diagnosed with diabetes (NIDDK, 2007).   On the other hand, there are 12 million elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States.TREATMENT OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes is generally treated with the administration of insulin on a daily basis.   Patient are therefore taught how to inject insulin everyday, in order to maintain a normal level of insulin in their blood.   Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with medications that assist in the digestion of glucose from the food items consumed.   This med ication is given on a daily basis using a tablet or capsule format.   In addition to medications, a healthy diet is highly recommended to diabetic patients.   This includes food items that are low in sugar content, such as green, leafy vegetables and fiber-rich fruits and grains.Exercise is also recommended for diabetic patients, as this assists in increasing the metabolic rate of the body.   Diabetic patients are also educated on the condition of hypoglycemia, which is the extreme lowering of the blood glucose level of the body, resulting in fainting and a decrease in the arterial blood pressure.   A dietician therefore plays an important role in the design of the dietary regimen of diabetic patients.   A regular check-up should also be performed every 3 to 6 months, wherein the fasting blood sugar levels are determined, in order to evaluate the progress of the patient with the current dietary regimen.REFERENCESNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disea ses.   (2007).   National Diabetes Statistics, 2007.   Downloaded from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/DM_Statistics.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010a).   Type 1 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type1Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010b).   Type 2 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type2Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.

Obama Pardons - 70 People Pardoned by Barack Obama

Here is an up-to-date list of  the  70 people pardoned by President Barack Obama and the offenses they were convicted of, according to the U.S. Department of Justice and the White House. Khosrow Afghahi, who was indicted in 2015 for allegedly  facilitating the illegal export of high-tech microelectronics, uninterruptible power supplies and other commodities to Iran in violation of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.William Ricardo Alvarez of  Marietta, Ga., who was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute heroin and  conspiracy to import heroin. He was sentenced in 1997 to nine months of  imprisonment and  four years of  supervised release.Roy Norman Auvil of Illinois, who was convicted in 1964 with  possessing an unregistered distilling apparatus.James Bernard Banks  of  Liberty, Utah, who was convicted of  illegal possession of government property and sentenced in 1972 to  two years of probation.Robert Leroy Bebee  of  Rockville, Maryland, who was convicted of misprision of a felony and was sentenced to  two years probation.  Lesley Claywood Berry Jr.  of  Loretto, Kentucky, who was convicted of   conspiracy to manufacture, possess with intent to distribute, and distribute marijuana and was sentenced to  three years in prison.James Anthony Bordinaro  of  Gloucester, Mass., who was convicted to  conspiracy to restrain, suppress, and eliminate competition in violation of the Sherman Act and  conspiracy to submit false statements and was sentenced to 12 months of imprisonment and  three years supervised release and a $55,000 fine.  Bernard Bryan Bulcourf, who was convicted in Florida in 1988 of counterfeiting money.Dennis George Bulin  of  Wesley Chapel, Fla., who was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute in excess of 1,000 pounds of marijuana and was sentenced to  five years of probation and a $20,000 fine.Steve Charlie Calamars, who was convicted in Texas in 1989 of possession of phenyl-2-propanone with intent to manufacture a quantity of methamphetamine.Ricky Dale Collett  of  Annville, Kentucky, who was convicted of  aiding an d abetting in the manufacture of 61 marijuana plants and sentenced in 2002 to  one year of probation conditioned on 60 days of home detention.Kelli Elisabeth Collins  of  Harrison, Arkansas, who was convicted of  aiding and abetting a wire fraud and sentenced to  five years probation.Charlie Lee Davis, Jr. of  Wetumpka, Ala., who was convicted of possession with intent to distribute cocaine base and  use of a minor to distribute cocaine base. He was sentenced in 1995 to  87 months of  imprisonment and  five years supervised release.Diane Mary DeBarri, who was convicted in in Pennsylvania in 1984 of distribution of methamphetamine.Russell James Dixon of Clayton, Ga., who was convicted of a felony liquor law violation and sentenced in 1960  to two years of probation.Laurens Dorsey  of  Syracuse, N.Y., who was convicted of conspiracy to defraud the United States by making false statements to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. She was sentenced to  five y ears of probation and $71,000 restitution.Randy Eugene Dyer, who was convicted of conspiracy to import marijuana (hashish), and  conspiracy to remove baggage from the custody and control of the U.S. Customs Service and convey false information concerning an attempt to damage a civil aircraft.Donnie Keith Ellison, who was convicted in Kentucky in 1995 of manufacturing marijuana.Tooraj Faridi, who  was indicted in 2015 for allegedly facilitating the illegal export of high-tech microelectronics, uninterruptible power supplies and other commodities to Iran in violation of the International Emergency Economic Powers ActRonald Lee Foster  of  Beaver Falls, Pa., was convicted of mutilation of coins and sentenced to  one year of probation and $20 fine.John Marshall French, who was convicted in South Carolina in 1993 of conspiracy to transport a stolen motor vehicle in interstate commerce.Edwin Hardy Futch, Jr.  of  Pembroke, Georgia, who was convicted of  theft from an inter state shipment and  sentenced to five years probation and  $2,399.72 restitution.Timothy James Gallagher  of  Navasota, Texas, who was convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine. He was sentenced to  three years of probation.Jon Dylan Girard, who was convicted of counterfeit in Ohio of 2002.Nima Golestaneh, who pleaded guilty in Vermont in 2015 to  wire fraud and his involvement in the October 2012 hacking of a Vermont-based engineering consulting and software company.  Ronald Eugene Greenwood of  Crane, Mo., who was convicted of conspiracy to violate the Clean Water Act. He was sentenced in 1996 to three years probation, six months home confinement, 100 hours community service, $5,000 restitution and a  $1,000 fine.Cindy Marie Griffith  of  Moyock, North Carolina, who was convicted of distribution of satellite cable television decryption devices and sentenced to  two years probation with 100 hours of community service .  Roy Eugene Grimes, Sr.  of  Athens, Tenn., who was convicted of  falsely altering a United States postal money order and passing,  uttering, and publishing a forged and altered money order with intent to defraud. He was sentenced to 18 months probation.Joe Hatch of  Lake Placid, Fla., who was convicted of possession with intent to distribute marijuana. He was sentenced in 1990 to  60 months of  imprisonment and  four years of  supervised release.Martin Alan Hatcher of  Foley, Ala., who was convicted of distribution and possession with intent to distribute marijuana. He was sentenced in 1992 to five years of  probation.Roxane Kay Hettinger  of  Powder Springs, Ga., who was convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and sentenced in 1986 to  30 days in jail followed by three years of probation.Melody Eileen Homa, who was convicted aiding and abetting bank fraud in Virginia in 1991.Martin Kaprelian  of  Park Ridge, Ill., who was convicted of  c onspiracy to transport stolen property in interstate commerce; transporting stolen property in interstate commerce; and concealing stolen property that was transported in interstate commerce. He was sentenced in 1984 to  nine years in prison and  five years of probation.Jon Christopher Kozeliski of  Decatur, Ill., who was convicted of conspiracy to traffic counterfeit goods and  sentenced to  one year of probation with six months of home confinement and a  $10,000 fine.Edgar Leopold Kranz Jr.  of  Minot, N.D., who was convicted of wrongful use of cocaine, adultery and writing three insufficient fund checks. He was  court-martialed and discharged from the military for  bad conduct discharge (suspended), and sentenced to 24 months of confinement and reduction to pay grade E-1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Derek James Laliberte of  Auburn, Maine, who was convicted to money laundering. He was sentenced in 1993 to  18 months in prison and 2 years of  supervised release.Floretta L eavy  of  Rockford, Ill., who was convicted of distribution of cocaine, conspiracy to distribute cocaine, possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. She was sentenced in  1984 to  one year and one day in prison and three years of special parole.Thomas Paul Ledford  of  Jonesborough, Tenn., who was convicted of  conducting and directing an illegal gambling business.  He was sentenced in 1995 to  one year of probation conditioned on performance of 100 hours of community service.Danny Alonzo Levitz, who was convicted of conspiracy.Ricardo Marcial Lomedico Sr., who was convicted in Washington in in 1969 of misappropriation of bank funds.Alfred J. Mack of  Manassas, Va., who was convicted to unlawful distribution of heroin and sentenced in 1982 to  18 to 54 months of  imprisonment.  David Raymond Mannix, a U.S. Marine who was convicted in 1989 of conspiracy to commit larceny  and theft of military pr operty.Jimmy Ray Mattison  of  Anderson, S.C., who was convicted of  conspiracy to transport and cause the transportation of altered securities in  interstate commerce, transporting and causing the transportation  of altered securities in interstate commerce. He was sentenced to  three years probation.Bahram Mechanic, who was indicted on charges of  violating the International Emergency Economic Powers Act for  allegedly shipping millions of dollars in technology to their company in Iran.David Neil Mercer, who was convicted in Utah in 1997 of violating the Archaeological Resources Protection Act violation.  According to published reports, Mercer  damaged American Indian remnants on federal land.Scoey Lathaniel Morris  of  Crosby, Texas, who was convicted of  passing counterfeit obligations or securities and sentenced in 1999 to  three years of probation and $1,200 restitution, jointly and severally.Claire Holbrook Mulford, who was convicted in Texas in 19 93 of using a residence to distribute methamphetamine.Michael Ray Neal, who was convicted of manufacture, assembly, modification and distribution of equipment for unauthorized decryption of satellite cable programming,Edwin Alan North, who was convicted of transfer of a firearm without payment of transfer tax.An Na Peng  of  Honolulu, Hawaii, who was convicted of conspiracy to defraud the Immigration and Naturalization Service and sentenced to two years probation and a  $2,000 fine.Allen Edward Peratt, Sr., who was convicted of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine.Michael John Petri  of  Montrose, South Dakota, who was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and distribution of a controlled  substance. He was sentenced to  five years imprisonment  and three years supervised release.Karen Alicia Ragee  of  Decatur, Ill., who was convicted of  conspiracy to traffic counterfeit goods and sentenced to one year of probation with six months o f home confinement and a  $2,500 fine.Christine Marie Rossiter, who was convicted of conspiracy to distribute less than 50 kilograms of marijuana.Jamari Salleh  of  Alexandria, Va., who was convicted of  false claims upon and against the United States and sentenced to four years probation, a $5,000 fine and  $5,900 restitution.Robert Andrew Schindler of  Goshen, Va., who was convicted to conspiracy to commit wire fraud and mail fraud and sentenced in 1986 to three years of  probation, four months of  home confinement, and $10,000 restitution.Alfor Sharkey  of  Omaha, Nebraska, who was convicted of  unauthorized acquisition of food stamps and sentenced to three years probation with 100 hours of community service and  $2,750 restitution.Willie Shaw, Jr. of  Myrtle Beach, S.C., who was convicted to armed bank robbery and sentenced in 1974 to 15  years imprisonment.Donald Barrie Simon, Jr.  of  Chattanooga, Tenn., who was convicted of aiding and abetting in the theft of an interstate shipment and sentenced to two years imprisonment and  three years probation.Brian Edward Sledz, who was convicted of wire fraud in Illinois in 1993.Lynn Marie Stanek of  Tualatin, Oregon, who was convicted of  unlawful use of a communication facility to distribute cocaine and sentenced to six months in jail, five years probation conditioned on residence in a  community treatment center for a period not to exceed one year.Albert Byron Stork, who was convicted of filing a false tax return in Colorado in 1987.Kimberly Lynn Stout of  Bassett, Va., who was convicted to bank embezzlement and  false entries in the books of a lending institution. She was sentenced in 1993 to one day imprisonment, three years supervised release including five months home confinement.Bernard Anthony Sutton, Jr. of  Norfolk, Va., who was convicted of theft of personal property and sentenced in 1989 to three years probation,  $825 restitution and a  $500 fine.Chri s Deann Switzer of  Omaha, Nebraska, who was convicted to conspiracy to violate narcotics laws and sentenced in 1996 to four years probation, six months home confinement, drug and alcohol treatment, and 200 hours community service.Larry Wayne Thornton  of  Forsyth, Georgia, who was convicted of  possession of an unregistered firearm and  possession of  a firearm without a serial number, and was sentenced to four years probation.Patricia Ann Weinzatl, who was convicted of structuring transactions to evade reporting requirements.Bobby Gerald Wilson, who was convicted of  Aiding and abetting the possession and sale of illegal American alligator hides.Miles Thomas Wilson of  Williamsburg, Ohio, who was convicted of mail fraud and sentenced in 1981 to three years supervised release.Donna Kaye Wright of  Friendship, Tenn., who was. convicted of  embezzlement and misapplication of bank funds, and sentenced to 54 days imprisonment, three years probation conditioned on pe rformance of six hours of community service per week.